氮控制设计手册1.2

1.2手册的适用范围

This manual presents theoretical and process design information on a number of nitrogencontrol processes. While all of the possible nitrogen removal processes are discussed, detailsare presented only on those general methods which are most technically and economicallyfeasible, as evidenced by their actual or planned full-scale application. One exception to thisis nitrogen control in oxidation ponds; material on nitrogen control in oxidation pondsystems was not included because of the paucity of generally applicable design informationAnother exception is land treatment; nitrogen removal by land treatment systems is beyondthe scope of this manual.
The information in this manual was developed from the following sources: (l) theexperience of the individuals involved in the preparation of the manual, (2) the EPAresearch, development and demonstration program,(3) the literature, (4) from progressreports on on-going projects, (S) from private communication with investigators active inthe field, and (6) from operating personnel at existing wastewater treatment plants.
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本手册介绍了许多氮控制过程的理论和工艺设计信息。虽然所有可能的氮去除过程都在讨论中，但只介绍了那些最具技术和经济可行性的常规方法，这些方法通过实际或计划中的满尺寸应用得到证明。其中一个例外是氧化塘中的氮控制，由于缺乏普遍适用的设计信息，因此在氧化塘系统中的氮控制材料未被包括在内。另一个例外是土地处理；土地处理系统去除氮的范围超出了本手册的篇幅。本手册中的信息来源于以下几个方面：

（1）编写手册的相关人员的经验，

（2）EPA的研究开发和示范项目，

（3）文献，

（4）正在进行的项目的进展报告，

（5）与该领域活跃的调查人员的私人交流，以及

（6）现有污水处理厂的运营人员。

1.3 用户指南

A perusal of the table of contents will give the reader a fairly complete picture of thesubject matter contained in this manual. The following chapter-by-chapter description isoriented toward providing a general description of the contents of each chapter.
Chapter 2, Nitrogenous Materials in the Environment and the Need for Control inWastewater Effluents, describes the sources of nitrogen compounds entering water bodies.the nitrogen transformations which take place in the environment, and the effects ofnitrogen compounds as pollutants. Also given in Chapter 2 is a general introduction into thevarious types of nitrogen control methods and their applicability to the individual chemicalforms of nitrogen. Chapter 2 is useful for establishing the ratjonale for nitrogen removal.
Chapter 3, Process Chemistry and Biochemistry of Biological Nitrification and Denitrifica-tion, is a presentation of the basic factors affecting the growth of nitrifying and denitrifyingorganisms. With an understanding of these factors on a fundamental level, the designconcepts evolved in Chapters 4 and 5 can be better appreciated. However, should the readerdecide not to involve himself in basic theory, Chapters 4 and 5 are designed to stand bythemselves without requiring reference to Chapter 3 except when detailed explanations ofindividual points are required.
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浏览目录可以让读者相当完整地了解本手册所含主题。以下逐章描述旨在提供各章的内容总体描述。第二章“环境中的氮化物材料及其在废水中的控制需求”描述了进入水体的氮化合物的来源、环境中发生的氮转化和氮化合物作为污染物的影响。第二章还对各种类型的氮控制方法及其适用于不同氮化合物化学形式进行了概述。第二章有助于建立去除氮的理性。第三章“生物硝化和反硝化的过程化学和生物化学”介绍了影响硝化和反硝化生物生长的基本因素。了解这些基本因素后，可以更好地理解第四章和第五章中涉及的设计概念。然而，如果读者决定不涉及基本理论，第四章和第五章旨在独立自立，不需要参考第三章除非需要详细解释某些具体点。

Chapter 4, Biological Nitrification, presents design criteria for a wide variety of nitrificationprocesses. Since it has been anticipated that the greatest number of manual users will beconcerned with ammonia oxidation, as opposed to nitrogen removal, Chapter 4 presentsmore material than any other chapter, Both combined carbon oxidation-nitrification andseparate stage nitrification systems are described with details, whether given on attachedgrowth or suspended growth processes. The alternative methods for pretreatment for
organic carbon removal prior to separate stage nitrification systems are presented. Sectionsare included on aeration, pH control, and solids-liquid separation.
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第四章“生物硝化”提供了广泛的硝化工艺设计标准。预计手册用户最为关注的是氨氧化，而非氮去除。第四章比其它章节提供了更多的材料。篇幅详细介绍了底物氧化硝化和分离式硝化系统，无论是基于附着生长还是悬浮生长工艺。此外，在分离式硝化系统之前进行有机碳去除的替代方法也被提出。章节内容包括曝气、pH控制和固液分离。

  Chapter 5, Biological Denitrification, completes the sequence of the three chapters on thebiological approach to nitrogen removal Design information is provided for both attachedgrowth and suspended growth denitrification systems, For those systems using methanol asthe carbon source for denitrification, a section is included describing the methods forchemical handling. The increasingly popular systems using wastewater carbon sources aredescribed in detail, Chapter 5 concludes with a section on solids-liquid separation and aqualitative comparison of the alternative denitrification techniques.
Chapter 6, Breakpoint Chlorination, is the first of a set of three chapters on physicalchemical techniques for nitrogen removal. Basic process chemistry is presented along with ahost of process design considerations for breakpoint chlorination applications. Because ofthe importance of process control, details of methods are given, Information is presented onthe removal of toxic chlorine residuals.
Chapter 7, Selective lon Exchange for Ammonium Removal, is a presentation of the designconcepts involved in the use of clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite exchange material, forammonium removal from wastewater. [on exchange fundamentals are discussed along withclinoptilolite properties. Process loading and regeneration relationships are presented.Alternative methods of regenerant recovery are described.
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第五章《生物反硝化》完成了三章关于氮去除的生物方法的顺序。提供了附着生长和悬浮生长反硝化系统的设计信息。对于使用甲醇作为碳源进行反硝化的系统，还包括一节描述化学处理方法。详细描述了使用废水碳源的越来越受欢迎的系统。第五章以固体液分离和替代反硝化技术的定性比较结束。

第六章《断点氯化》是三章物理化学氮去除技术的第一章。介绍了基本的过程化学以及断点氯化应用的一系列过程设计考虑因素。由于过程控制的重要性，详细阐述了方法细节。还介绍了有关去除有害氯残留物的信息。

第七章《选择性离子交换去除铵》是关于使用天然沸石交换材料clinoptilolite去除废水中铵的设计概念的介绍。深入探讨了离子交换基础知识以及clinoptilolite的特性。介绍了处理负载和再生关系。还描述了替代再生剂回收方法。

Chapter 8, Air Stripping for Ammonia Nitrogen Removal, describes the application ofammonia stripping to wastewater treatment. The air pollution aspects of the method arediscussed and general conclusions drawn. The major factors affecting design and processperformance are described. The problem of equipment scaling and its control is givendetailed consideration. Methods of removing ammonia and controlling the carbon dioxidelevels in the stripping air are described.
Chapter 9, Total System Design, describes the concepts involved in assembling various unitprocesses into rational treatment trains that can accomplish not only nitrogen removal, butorganics removal and phosphorus remova! (where it is required). The main thrust of Chapter9 is to present actual examples of treatment systems that incorporate the nitrogen controlprocesses described in the previous chapters of this manual. Design concepts that evolved tosuit local circumstances are given emphasis.
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第8章，氨氮去除的换气处理，介绍了将氨氮换气法应用于废水处理的方法。讨论了该方法的空气污染方面，并得出了一般结论。描述了影响设计和工艺性能的主要因素。并针对设备压垢问题及其控制进行了详细考虑。还介绍了去除氨和控制换气气体中二氧化碳水平的方法。

而第9章，总系统设计，描述了将各种单元工艺组装成合理的处理集合，能够不仅完成氮去除，还包括有机物去除和磷去除（如果需要）。第9章的主要重点是展示运用前面章节中涉及的氮控制工艺的实际处理系统示例。强调了按照本地情况进行适应的设计概念。