英语语法精讲合集 (全面, 通俗, 有趣 | 从零打造系统语法体系)

1.英语语法综述
可以独立完成的动作
主语+不及物动词
有1个动作的承受者
主语+单及物动词+宾语
有2个动作的承受者
主语+双及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
只有1个动作的承受者(但需补充说明)
主语+复杂及物动词+宾语+宾补
非“动作”,赋予信息
主语+系动词+(主语补语)/表语
句子主语后面的余下部分都是谓语,谓语动词只是谓语的一部分
句子成分
主语(Subject)
谓语动词(Predicate Verb)
宾语(Object)
宾语补语(Object Complement)
主语补语(Subject Complement)
定语(Attributive)
状语(Adverbial)
同位语(Appositive)
词类
名词(nouns)
冠词(articles)
代词(pronouns)
形容词(adjectives)
数词(numerals)
副词(adverbs)
介词(preposition)
感叹词(interjections)
连词(conjunctions)
句子成分 ≠ 词类
谓语动词的三大功能(Tense、Aspect、Mood)
动作时间
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
动作状态
一般
完成
进行
完成进行
动作假设,情感…(语气)
虚拟语气
陈述语气
祈使语气
以上三大功能,谓语动词不能独立完成,需借助助动词(Auxiliary Verbs)
非谓语动词(不再具有时间、状态、语气三大功能)
动词不定式
现在分词
动名词
过去分词
2.动词分类
实意动词
按动作承受者划分
及物动词
不及物动词
按动作状态划分
动作动词
状态动词
(连)系动词
助动词
情态动词
非谓语动词
不定式
过去分词
现在分词
动名词
3.动词时态(Verb Tenses)

一般现在时
表达事实
表达习惯/重复的动作
表示预计发生的事
现在完成进行时
现在这个时间点已经完成了一部分,而且还要继续进行
4.动词语气(虚拟语气)
陈述语气(Indicative Mood)
描述现实
祈使语气(Imperative Mood)
表示命令、请求
用第二人称“你”+一般现在时态
去掉“你”,并保证动词原形
虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)
一,表示“不可能”的假设
1.和现在事实相反
条件句动词用过去式,主句为would+动词原形
2.和将来事实相反(可能性很小)
条件句为should(were to)+动词原形,主句为would+动词原形
3.和过去事实相反
条件句为had+动词过去分词,主句为would have+动词过去分词
二,表达愿望,请求,建议,命令
1.对现在的愿望
wish+动词过去式
2.对过去的愿望
wish+had+动词过去分词
3.对将来的愿望
wish+would/could/might+动词原形
would rather,demand,suggest,insist,order后接虚拟语气
5.非谓语动词(non-finite verbs)
动词不定式
to+动词原形
有些情况下to可以省略
可以像名词那样在句子中充当主语\宾语或表语,也可以像形容词那样充当定语,还可以像副词那样作状语
It's easy to say.
However,they have decided to use the post office.
He seems to be fond of play the guitar.
I have a lot of things to deal with today.
The only way to find out the disease was to operate.
I'm waiting here to see the sunrise.
He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.
动名词
动名词具有名词的性质,常在句子中充当主语、宾语或表语,又因它是从动词变化而来,所以也可以在后面跟上自己的宾语
Seeing is believing.
I like swimming,while Jack likes flying.
She is afraid of staying in that house alone.
现在分词
现在分词具有形容词或副词的性质,在句子中充当定语、状语或补语
现在分词表示与其修饰词之间是“主动”的关系,同时强调动作是“正在发生的”
This is a running stream.
Walking in the park the other day,I saw a bird building a nest.
过去分词
过去分词表示与其修饰词之间是“被动”的关系,同时强调动作是“已经完成了的”
Guided by the local farmer,We succeeded in climbing the mountain.
Led the waiteress of the hotel,I enter my room.
6.独立主格
"名词/代词(逻辑主语)+逻辑谓语"
逻辑谓语可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式或介词短语
The red traffic lights turning on,the driver stopped his car.
The teacher came into classroom,a book in (the)arm.
7.助动词(auxiliary verbs)&情态动词(modal verbs)
助动词的两大基本特征:
辅助主动词
不能像主动词那样单独作谓语动词
基本助动词(也可以作实义动词)
be do have
情态动词
can / could
有能力做…,会…,可以…
表示请求或许可
表示可能性
may / might
表可能性
may表不确定,might表非常不确定
表请求或许可
may用在句首,表祝愿
will/would
构成将来时
表请求、建议
表推测、假设
shall/should
shall
构成将来时,同will
表请求或征求意见
表警告,命令
should
表应当
表有一定根据的推测
It should rain tomorrow.
表“竟然”
It's surprising that he should be late.
构成虚拟语气
If it should rain tomorrow,I wouldn't go.
dare/dared
敢;也可作实义动词
ought to
表应当,与should用法相同,语气更强
used to
表示过去的的动作,强调和现在的对比
must
表必须
表禁止
表推测,只能用于肯定句中,否定句用can't
need
表需要,也可做实义动词
半助动词
be to
be able to
be going to
be about to
had better
8.系动词(Linking Verb)
赋值
9.使役动词(Causative Verb)
使…,让…,令…
make 迫使…做…
let 允许…做…
have 给…责任/任务
get 说服/鼓励…做
10.从句(Subordinate Clause)
宾语从句
在许多动词之后,that可以省略
在较长的句子里,特别是当that引导的从句与动词隔开时,that一般不可省略
宾语从句出现并列现象时,第一个宾语从句可省略that,第二个不可省略
同位语从句
跟在fact、idea、news、information、thought等词后面的名词性从句通常都是同位语从句
同位语从句中的that不能省略且不作任何成分
从含义上来说,它对其所修饰的词具有同等解释作用
形容词从句的思维方式
一根好吃的胡萝卜
a tasty carrot
一根兔子吃了的胡萝卜
a carrot that the rabbit ate
一个是兔子的老师
a teacher that the rabbit ate
一个我昨天看见的老师
a teacher whom I saw yesterday
兔子吃胡萝卜的地方
the place where the rabbit ate the carrot
兔子吃胡萝卜的原因
the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot
形容词从句的构成
关系代词
that,which,who,whom,whose
先行词是唯一的:that
先行词不是唯一:which
why引导的定语从句的先行词只有reason
关系副词(= 介词+关系代词)
when(on which),where(at which),why(for which)
形容词从句的限定性和非限定性
限定性定语从句
一般提供被修饰名词的重要信息,对先行词起修饰作用,不能省略
与其所修饰的词之间没有逗号隔开
The government which promises to cut taxes.
非限定性定语从句
提供补充信息,对先行词起补充说明作用,可以省去
与其所修饰的词之间一般要有逗号隔开
The government,which promises to cut taxes will be popular.
副词从句
时间
before(某个时间点之前)
when(某个时间点)
while(一段时间内)
as(同时进行的两个动作)
after(某个时间点之后)
since(从之前某一时间点开始)
until(直到之后某一时间点)
as soon as(一…就…)
the next time(下次)
地点
where
wherever(不管哪里)
everywhere(所有地方)
anywhere(任何地方)
条件
表示动作发生的条件
if
unless
as so long as
on condition that
proving/proved(that)
If you see him,will you tell him about it?
Experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is concerned.
让步
while
whereas
although
considering(that)
though/ as
even if
even though
no matter how/ however
Although/ Though/ Even though I felt sorry for him,I was secretly pleased that he was having difficulties.
While I disapprove of what you say, I would defend to the death your right to say it.
I told him to report to me after the job was completed,no matter how late it was.
方式
回答how的问题
方式状语从句一般置于主句之后
I feel as if/ as though I'm floating on air.
Type this again as I showed you a moment ago.
原因
回答由why引导的问题
because-引出的是实实在在的因果关系
since-引出的是大家都已经知道的情况
as-引出的是显而易见的事实
seeing(that)
As/ Because /Since there was very little support,the strike was not successful.
I'm afraid we don't stock refills for pens like yours Because there's little demand for them.
目的
so that / in order that
in case
for fear
I've arrived early so that/ in order that I can get a good view of the procession.
We've installed an extinguisher next to the cooker in case there is ever a fire.
I bought the car at once for fear (that) he might change his mind.
结果
描述主句动作的结果
so + adj./adv. + that…
such + n. + that…
that引导结果状语从句,that可省略
His reactions are so quick (that) no one can match him.
There was such a lot of rain (that) we couldn't go out.
11.冠词(articles)
不定冠词
a 辅音音素前
an 元音音素前
泛指某一个人或物
泛指某一类
表示数字“一”
表示“每”
主谓一致
固定表达
定冠词 the
/ðə/ 辅音音素前
/ði:/ 元音音素前
特指,某个或某些特定的人或物
特指,再次提到的人或事物
特指,用在序数词和形容词的最高级前
特指,独一无二的名词之前
the+形容词,表示一类人
固定表达(out of the question 不可能,没门)
零冠词
复数泛指
Computers have changed our way of life.
泛指“概念”
专有名词
固定表达(out of question 毫无疑问)
12.介词(preposition)
放在名词代词等之前,用来给他们增添附加信息的词,比如时间信息、空间信息、方式信息,逻辑信息(原因,目的,对象…)等等
短语介词
一个短语充当介词的功能,不单独表完整义
by way of
at the end of
along with
because of
previous to
表示空间的介词
in(在…内部)
on(在…上面,接触)
at(具体的点,坐标)
over(在正上方,不接触;若接触,覆盖;动态)
above(在上方,高于)
under(与over相对)
below(与above相对)
near
by
beside
next to
across(表面穿过)
through(内部穿过)
past(经过,路过)
in front of
before(不太用做空间介词;在众人或观众前)
behind(与in front of相对)
between(两者之间)
among(三者及更多之间)
round
around
along
to
toward
towards
onto(到…上面)
into(在…里面)
out of(从里向外)
opposite
against(与相反;倚,靠)
up(沿…向上)
down(沿…向下)
off(离…有一定距离)
表示时间的介词
in
on
at
during(持续;在…期间)
for(因…持续)
since(自从)
before
after(与before相对)
from…to…
by(不迟于…前)
until(直到…为止)
表示方式的介词
in
through
by
with
on
表示关于的介词
about
of
on
表示原因的介词
for
with
because of
due to
owning to
on account of
表示数值的介词
at
at a high price、at a fast rate
by
They get paid paid by the hour.
for
I bought these books for 100 yuan.
表示状态的介词
in
in progress、in a dilemma
on
on a diet、on drugs
at
at work、at dinner
under
under construction、under discussion
表示排除的介词
besides
except
except for
介词短语
preposition + object
意思完整,充当各种句子成分
最常充当状语,修饰动词
13.名词
普通名词
可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
不可数名词
物质名词
抽象名词
专有名词
根据具体语境判断是否可数
名词所有格
‘s所有格
of所有格
双重所有格
14.代词

相互代词
each other - 两者之间
one another - 3者或3者以上之间
指示代词
this (these)
that (those)
不定代词
many、much
few、a few、little、a little
some、any
each(可作代词,单独作主语)
every(+名词,不可单独作主语)
either、neither
both、all
other
the other(特指两者中的另一个)
another(泛指3者及3者以上的另一个)
one、it
形容词修饰复合不定代词要后置
疑问代词
who
whom
what
which
whose
连接代词
引导主语从句,宾语从句和表语从句
关系代词
引导定语从句
15.数词
基数词
百位与十位之间and连接,十位与个位之间“-”连接
三位划分,billion,million,thousand
基数词可充当句子的成分
序数词
序数词可充当句子成分,根据具体情况加“the”
分数
分子用基数词,分母用序数词;分子>1,分母用复数
倍数
half
twice
three times
倍数+the+计量+of
倍数+as…as…
倍数+比较级+than
I can eat three times faster than he can.
by倍数
I have increased my income by three times.
数字符号和算术
plus
minus
multiplied
divided
squared
cubed
more than
less than
度量衡
长
long、length
宽
wide、width
高
high、height
16.形容词
多个形容词作前置定语的顺序
限定词+主观特征+尺寸+形状+新旧+颜色+来源+材料+用途
a beautiful big round new black Chinese wooden table
形容词修饰复合不定代词要后置
somebody nice
anybody absent
everything possible
nothing wrong
17.副词
副词的形式
同拼写,同义近义
fast
同拼写,异义
pretty
副词=形容词+ly,同义近义
quick,quickly
副词=形容词+ly,异义
large,largely
18.连词
并列连词
连接有着“并列的、同等语法地位的”单词,词组或句子
并列关系
选择关系
转折关系
因果关系
从属连词
连接主句和从句
引导名词性从句
引导副词从句
19. 限定词
以词类划分
限定特指的范围
冠词
指示代词
疑问代词
关系代词
不定代词
限定所有权
名词所有格
物主代词
疑问代词
关系代词
限定数量
量词
基数词
序数词
以位置划分
前位限定词
某些不定代词
倍数词
分数词
中位限定词
冠词
物主代词
某些不定代词
后位限定词
量词
序数词
基数词
20.构词法

派生
用希腊语或拉丁语的词根,词缀(前缀、后缀)构词
词根词缀进行派生构词时,出于读音的考虑,往往会省略、添加、重复或改变字母
词根
代表或暗示单词的核心词意
词缀
和词根一起表示单词的意义及属性,具有修饰功能
prefix
通常改变单词的词义
suffix
通常决定着单词的词性
合成
用源自日耳曼语的单词合并构词
混合
选一词头及另一词尾混合构词
smoke fog smog
smoke haze smaze
snow ice snice
website seminar webinar
beat beetles beatles
service game sega
截短
截取单词的一部分作为新词
mathematics
examination
application
influenza
缩写
选取多个单词首字母或部分字母
Test Of English as a Foreign Language
International English Language Testing System
转化
使用一个单词的不同词性
21.句子的成分&句子的分类
句子成分和词性之间没有必然的对应关系
句子类型(按结构复杂度划分)
简单句
复合句(并列复合句)
复杂句(主从复合句)
句子类型(按用途划分)
陈述句
疑问句
一般疑问句
特殊疑问句
选择疑问句
反义疑问句
祈使句
感叹句
22.被动
主动语态(强调动作的执行者)
被动语态(强调动作的承受者)
省略了to的动词不定式作宾补,改成被动语态时要还原
23.倒装
为强调某些信息而颠倒了原有的语序
完全倒装(full inversion)
谓语动词完全在主语之前
副词/介词短语在句首的倒装
地点副词在句首(here;there)
There goes the last bus.
时间副词在句首(now;then)
Now comes the wolf's turn.
表运动方向的副词在句首(in;out;up;down;away)
Up went the carrots into the air.
介词短语在句首的倒装
At the table sat a rabbit.
主语补语(表语)的倒装
Seated on the ground is a group of dragons.
Such were the fox's tricks.
Luminous being are we.
部分倒装(Partial Inversion)
分离助动词和谓语动词;助动词提前
句首有否定意义的词
Never before have I eaten such delicious soup.
句首有only
Only in this way can we grow delicious potatoes.
Only then did the mouse meet the cat.
if…should…构成虚拟语气
Should I win the lottery, I would buy a huge pile of cakes.
固定句型中的倒装
I was afraid. So was I.
He can't ride a bicycle;neither/nor can she.
形式倒装
仅将强调内容提至句首;谓语动词不提前
感叹句中的倒装
What a delicious egg it is!
比较级句型中的倒装(the more…the more…)
The more vegetables you eat,the healthier you become.
however、whatever引导让步状语从句时的倒装
However long this video is,you should watch it till the end.
as、though引导让步状语从句时的倒装
Much as he likes the housework,he doesn't want to do it.
24.强调
改变说话语气
重读单词
使用感叹词
使用特定语音/语调/语气
改变书写方式
粗体
斜体
下划线
全部大写
标点符号
词汇强调
添加强调词
really
Cats really like fishes.
very
I eat very fast.
I missed the very beginning of the movie.
just
This is just unbelievable!
ever
All I ever wanted is that beef.
What in the world (on earth) are you talking about?
重复某个词
She went on and on and on.
He walked and walked and walked.
助动词强调谓语动词
Sheep do like grass!
代词强调
I can do it myself.
I myself went there.
句式强调
倒装
I did not eat a single apple yesterday.
Not a single apple did I eat yesterday.
I have never met a dragon.
Never have I met a dragon.
You go off!
Off you go!
The dinosaur comes(here)!
Here comes the dinosaur!
感叹
The orange is big!
How big the orange is!
You've grown a big peach!
What a big peach you've grown!
it+be动词+that…句式
I met a lovely bird in the field this morning.
强调主语
It was I that/who met a lovely bird in the field this morning.
强调宾语
t was a lovely bird that/who I met in the field this morning.
强调地点状语
It was in the field that/who I met a lovely bird this morning.
强调时间状语
It was this morning that/who I met a lovely bird in the field.
强调meet
I did meet a lovely bird in the field this morning.
强调lovely
I met a really lovely bird in the field this morning!
What a lovely bird I met in the field this morning!
How lovely the bird I met in the field this morning was!
25.省略
词法省略
省略冠词
“独一无二”
并列关系
某些独立主格结构
省略介词
时间介词
I ate 10 strawberries on that day.
I worked for 60 hours in last week.
做某事
I am busy in making videos.
There's no use in crying over spilled milk.
省略动词不定式
并列关系
He wanted to stay here and read.
裸不定式
The teacher helped me to do the homework.
省略从句引导词
定语从句中,在从句中作宾语的关系代词可省略
句法省略
简单句的省略
祈使句
You open the door!
感叹句
What a smart fox he is!
How fast time flies!
口语表达
省略主谓
What did you eat?
I ate a banana.
省略部分宾语不定式
Would you like to eat a cherry?
Yes, I'd like to eat a cherry.
并列句的省略
省略主谓
The story made her happy,but the story made me sad.
省略谓语动词
Tom likes lemon and Jane likes watermelon.
复杂句的省略
从句省略
Michael will eat the chicken,but I don't know when he will eat it.
If it is possible,I'll be there on time.
I can eat more blueberries than you can eat blueberries.
You are smarter than I am smarter.
主句省略
I am sorry to hear that.
—Shall I give you a thumbs-up?
—If you'd like you can give me a thumbs-up.
26.主谓一致
语法一致
句子的谓语动词在形式上和主语的单复数保持一致
非谓语动词作主语时,相当于单数名词
To eat an apple every day is good for you.
Eating vegetables is healthy.
假象主语(就远原则)
as well as
except
but
The monkey as well as other animals gets a banana.
All the animals except the tiger get the certificate.
不定代词作主语
谓语动词要和不定代词表达的概念保持一致
Everyone gets a diploma.
Each of them robot.
Both of them like Hamburg
Some of them are afraid of the snake.
None of them get/gets a trophy.
Neither of them is/are afraid of the lion.
意义一致
同一个主语多重身份
The painter and video creator is a teacher.
The musician and the video creator are teachers.
复数名词的单数意义
Ten years is a long time.
A knife and fork is needed for eating the steak.
Bread and butter is also needed at dinner.
不定代词的单复数意义
All is quiet.
All are quiet.
名词的形和意
形复意单,谓语动词用单数
Physics is my favorite subject.
形单意复,谓语动词用复数
The cattle are on the hill.
单复数同形名词,谓语动词单复都可
The sheep are eating grass.
多数集合名词,谓语动词单复都可
The young are expected to learn from the old.
The new is going to replace the old.
例外
All the furniture here is expensive.
就近一致
连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词和离得最近的词一致
or……
either…or…
neither…nor…
not only…but also…
Either you or I am going to the party.
There be句型
27.英文标点
逗号
断句
Let's eat rabbit.
Let's eat,rabbit.
列举
Let's eat strawberries,green olive and bananas.
Let's eat strawberries,green olive,and bananas.
同位语
Serial Comma(Oxford Comma、Harvard Comma)
I love my cousin,the Phoenix and Dragon.
I love my cousin,the Phoenix,and Dragon.
引语
The cat said to the mouse,“let's eat,mouse.”
“Well,yes,let's eat,my dear cat,”said the mouse.
插入语
“Well,yes,”said the mouse,“let's eat,my dear cat.”
并列句,复杂句
She was hungry ,and she ate some kiwi.
She ate some mutton,but she still hungry.
She didn't eat more food,because she was on a diet.
时间地点数字格式
Shanghai,China
Dec 1st,2021
数字每三位用逗号隔开
句号(句点)
陈述句的结尾
用于缩略语之后(一般书写中也可省略)
Mr. Lee
Dec.
8:30 A.M.
分号
表并列;连接两个独立的句子
冒号
用于被列举的事物前,用来介绍或解释后面的内容
引语
The wolf said,"I want to eat rabbits."
The wolf:I want to eat rabbits.
分开主副标题
时间的表达
引号
单引号用于双引号的内部
可以表强调
破折号
解释说明
作句中说明部分(如同位语)的界限
表示一句话突然中断