口译理论与实践（二）

口、笔译的区别
media，process，circumstance，information intensity

口译的要求

笔译：英译汉 500-600 words/h 汉译英 300-400 words/h
口译：4000 words/h

口译的原则
Know everything of something, know something of everything.  通才 & 专才
Knowledge | Thinking while listening | Expressiveness | Fluentness | Reflection

1. 传讯不传词（message/idea/gist √ single word × ）The Words Between Lines
2. 时间分配的控制原则（ideal: equal time）
3. 词序不变的顺句驱动原则

口译的标准
快准顺（准：publicize vs. propaganda） 

 口译听辨  Listening Process of Interpreting

Intro
Interpreting is a Multi-task Process：
Listening-Memorizing-Processing-Delivering
1. Listening in interpreting is more complex and effort-consuming than listening comprehension exercises.
2. whole picture
3. Both the gist and the details of the material should be comprehended while listening.
4.The gist of meaning will facilitate memorizing and note-taking.
5. Listening for ideas, not words. 得意忘”形“

Gist Retelling Training

commissioner (委员会的)委员，专员，特派员; (政府部门的)首长，长官
plenary session 全体会议
take a stock of 鉴定; 估计; 统观形势
in the light of 根据，按照

Features

1. Immediacy：It only takes a few seconds to process the source language into target language.

2. Non-repeatability：It is impossible to ask the speaker to repeat all the time, or to pause and wait for the interpreter. (The meaning on the whole is more useful for later interpreting process.)

3. Complexity: The interpreting process is complex with multi-tasking and huge psychological pressure. (listen for the whole meaning)

Extract the meaning beyond each word. - Cluster a string of words into a meaningful unit.
Deverbalize: to extract the meaning and get the main idea.

Cluster the Meaning Units

1. Listen
Listen with full attention.
2. Grasp the key words
S+V+O
3. Paraphrase into the gist
The main idea.
4. Retell
It is okay to replace it with a synonym.

Strategy

Anticipation
Guess the meaning of the new words according to Liguistic Clues & Non-linguistic Clues
Liguistic Clues：context / clause / logical relations
Non-linguistic Clues：intonation / expression / body language
No panic / Ask questions / Fuzziness for a general meaning / No fabricating (Fidelity Rule)

accusation（accuse）
raise a cry 大声疾呼
avert 避免
mitigate 减轻;缓和
SAD：seasonal affective disorder 季节性情感障碍 (秋冬两季因白昼缩短而易发作的抑郁症)
turbid（muddy, unclear）

听力口语能力！！！

【听力：Dictation】

精听练习（材料：盲听能懂50%，不用太长时间，要专注，跪在坚持！！！）
1. 原速播放全文，速记笔记
2. 逐句精听，听写
3. 原速播放，看文本，找没听懂的部分，弄清没听懂的原因
4. 逐句精听，再次听写
5. 循环以上步骤直至听出全文

【口语：Retell】

先输入，再输出！（选材: 感兴趣的文章500-800 words，有适量生词）
1. 精读选文，查生词，读读读“有用的“表达
2. 背句式，背句子！！！不要背文章（语境学习）
3. 用自己的语言 retell the passage （800字文章用500字做retelling）, 录音反思
（听歌同理）

Nothing is more harmful to the peaceful settlement of these disputes than his actions.
Nothing is more beneficial to the development of our country than economic development. (可尝试仿写练习)
The word is on the tip of my tongue.
I have his name on the tip of my tongue.