K400V2S09S3Q1-Q10解析

Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.  

Arts/history

Henry IV / chronicle / censor

历史由胜利者书写

①After Henry IV usurped the English throne from Richard II in 1399, evidence suggests the new king, censored records that portrayed the new regime unfavorably. ②While no censorship orders are preserved, one chronicler mentions that Henry ordered all chronicles inspected. ③That not a single English chronicle is critical of the coup is a pretty good indication that Henry suppressed any hostile material. ④Moreover, the single voice with which the English chronicle praise Henry and defame Richard after 1399 is challenged by the contrary version of events recorded in the French chronicles. ⑤For most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this discrepancy was attributed to French Anglophobia, but the accuracy and value of the French chronicle has now been reappraised. 

在亨利四世于 1399 年从理查二世手中篡夺英国王位后，有证据表明新国王审查了对新政权不利的记录。 虽然没有保留任何审查命令，但一位编年史家提到亨利下令检查所有编年史。 没有一部英国编年史批评政变，这很好地表明亨利禁止了任何敌对材料。 此外，英国编年史在 1399 年之后赞扬亨利和诽谤理查的一致声音受到法国编年史中记录的相反版本的事件的挑战。 在 19 世纪和 20 世纪的大部分时间里，这种差异被归咎于法国的英国恐惧症，但是法国编年史的准确性和价值现在已被重新评估。

1. It can be inferred from the passage that many histories in the nineteenth century believed that the French chronicles 

细节题 推断题 易

信息来自四五句

C

A. overly praised Richard II during his reign 相反/没有证据

B. were less meticulous than their English counterparts 没有证据

C. distorted their accounts of the events of 1399 because of antipathy toward England 符合

D. refused requests by those in power to have their chronicles inspected 没有证据

E. willfully ignored events in England in favor of recording happenings closer to home 没有证据

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. 

2. The passage mentions which of the following as evidence suggesting censorship on the part of Henry IV ? 

细节题 中

ABC

A. Henry’s request to inspect the chronicles 有

B. The uniformity of these chronicles’ criticism of Henry’s predecessor 有，对应single voice

C. The disparity between accounts offered in English and French chronicles 有

生词摘录：

usurp 篡夺；侵害

coup 政变；成功的行动

Anglophobia 仇英心理

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage 

文章重复S01S2Q8-10

French films / Hollywood / modernist

Arts/film

1920s的法国电影算不上现代主义

①French filmmakers of the 1920s emphasized visual style rather than narrative continuity, which was already dominant in the United States and elsewhere. ②Some critics have asserted that since these films flout the cinematic conventions of Hollywood, they should be regarded as important modernist cinema.  ③While a welcome departure from the traditional denigration of 1920s French cinema, this claim overestimates or distorts the achievement of such directors as Gance and L'Herbier, since the Hollywood conventions they did not use were not yet fully established in France, where the Hollywood-style production practices that would have supported these conventions were lacking.  ④Moreover, though 1920s French films should indeed be judged by criteria other than those underlying the Hollywood aesthetic, their slighting of Hollywood conventions does not, by itself, make them modernist or genuine revolutionary, since the weight of nineteenth-century traditions of art and literature on these films—especially in subject matter and ideological assumptions—cannot easily be disregarded. 

20世纪20年代的法国电影制片人更加强调视觉风格而非叙述连续性，后者在美国及其他地方已经占据主要地位。一些评论者认为因为这些（法国）电影无视好莱坞的电影传统，它们应该被认为是现代主义电影。尽管在对20世纪20年代的法国电影的普遍诋毁中也有欢迎的声音，但上面的这种观点高估或者歪曲了比如G和L这些导演们的成就，因为他们没用的好莱坞传统那时法国还没有，当时的法国还没有支持这些传统的制片实践。（也就是说，没用好莱坞风格不是不想，而是用不了。）另外，尽管那时的法国电影应该用好莱坞以外的标准来衡量，但是这些电影中体现出来的对好莱坞传统的冷落并不能使他们被称为现代主义或算是一种真正的变革，因为19世纪的艺术和文学传统的对这些电影的影响不能忽视，特别是对主题和意识形态假设的影响。

生词摘录：

flout 无视，嘲笑

denigration 诋毁

slighting 冷落，粗心对待

3. The author of the passage asserts which of the following about “this claim”? 

细节题 中

作者认为这个观点有失偏颇。

A

A. It does not accurately consider the conditions of filmmaking in French in the 1920s. 符合

B. It fails to depict adequately the achievements of directors other than Gance and L’Herbier. 没有其他导演的证据

C. It underestimates the degree to which certain French directors were influenced by their Hollywood counterparts during the 1920s. 没有influenced证据

D. It is equally as valid as the traditional view of 1920s French cinema. 没有证据

E. It has more merit than other recent, competing assessments of 1920s French cinema. 没有证据

4. The passage suggests that the author would most likely agree with the critics mentioned in the highlighted sentence about which of the following? 

态度题 难

问作者和critics的相同的观点。

D

A. The difficulty of establishing criteria to replace those by which 1920s French films have traditionally been assessed 没有difficulty的证据

B. The ways in which present-day directors would benefit from learning more about French films of the 1920s 没有learning的证据

C. The originality of the visual style of French cinema in the 1920s 没有originality的证据

D. The need to evaluate 1920s French films by criteria different from those used to evaluate Hollywood films 符合4句信息

E. The desirability of filmmakers’ flouting the cinematic conventions of Hollywood 没有证据

5. The author of the passage states which of the following about the French cinema of the 1920s? 

细节题 中

C

A. The visual style of the films is more indebted to Hollywood conventions than many critics  recognize. 没有证据

B. The achievements of the films in terms of visual style might have been greater if the director had had the production resources available in Hollywood. 没有证据

C. The content and ideology of the film were influenced by nineteenth-century art and literature. 符合最后一句

D. The films would have been more successful had their conventional subject matter not been at odds with their unconventional visual style. 没有证据

E. The influence of nineteenth-century art on the visual style of the film differentiates them from Hollywood films of the same era. 没有influence的证据

Question 6 is based on this passage 

Sciences

traffic congestion / new road 

新路缓解交通压力

To reduce traffic congestion on Lochley city streets, a new road will be built to bypass the city. The road will offer a faster commute to nearly all people who live in suburbs and now commute via Lochley’s streets to their jobs in other suburbs. Those cars constitute one-quarter of the cars now using Lochley’s streets each weekday. Thus after the bypass road has been built, weekday traffic congestion on Lochley’s street will be substantially reduced.

为减少Lochley 城市街道上的交通拥堵，将修建一条新道路绕过城市。 这条道路将为几乎所有住在郊区的人提供更快的通勤时间，他们现在通过 Lochley 的街道通勤到其他郊区的工作地点。这些汽车占现在每个工作日使用 Lochley 街道的汽车的四分之一。 因此，在新道路建成后，Lochley 街道的平日交通拥堵将大大减少。

6. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument? 

逻辑单题 逻辑支持 中

排他因，否命题，或者新证据

D

A. Only a relatively small reduction in traffic congestion could be achieved by widening existing streets in Lochley. 不能说明修新路就能解决问题。不能加强

B. Most of the suburban commuters now using city streets in traveling to jobs in other suburbs travel one person to a car. 跟车里坐几个人没关系。

C. Commuters who travel from homes in Lochley to jobs in the suburbs account for a small proportion of Lochley’s traffic. 出城的人不在讨论范围

D. Few of the people who currently commute through Lochley stop there for shopping or other activities. 属于排他因。不会停车干别的，也就是只开车。排除了因中途停车带来的拥堵这个他因。所以多条路就通畅一些。

E. After the bypass road is built, Lochley will perform more of its maintenance work on city streets on weekdays. 修路会导致拥堵。会削弱。

Questions 7 to 8 are based on this passage 

文章重复S07S3Q1-2

Arts/literature

feminist literary criticism / Fanny Fern / sentimentalism 

FF的作品在多愁善感中针砭时弊

Before feminist literary criticism emerged in the 1970s, the nineteenth-century United States writer Fanny Fern was regarded by most critics (when considered at all) as a prototype of weepy sentimentalism-a pious, insipid icon of conventional American culture. Feminist reclamations of Fern, by contrast, emphasize her "nonsentimental" qualities, particularly her sharply humorous social criticism. Most feminist scholars find it difficult to reconcile Fern's sardonic social critiques with her effusive celebrations of many conventional values. Attempting to resolve this contradiction, Harris concludes that Fern employed “flowery rhetoric" strategically to disguise her subversive goals beneath apparent conventionality. However, Tompkins proposes an alternative view of sentimentality itself, suggesting that sentimental writing could serve radical, rather than only conservative, ends by swaying readers emotionally, moving them to embrace social change. 

在 1970 年代女权主义文学批评出现之前，19 世纪的美国作家范妮·弗恩（Fanny Fern）被大多数评论家视为哀伤感伤主义的原型——传统美国文化的虔诚、平淡的偶像。 相比之下，女权主义者强调了Fern的“非感性”品质，尤其是她尖锐幽默的社会批评。大多数女权主义学者发现很难调和弗恩的讽刺社会批评和她对许多传统价值观的热情洋溢的赞扬。为了解决这一矛盾，哈里斯得出结论，弗恩有策略地使用了“华丽的修辞”，以将她的颠覆性目标隐藏在明显的常规之下。然而，汤普金斯提出了一种关于多愁善感本身的另一种观点：多愁善感的写作可以服务于激进的，而不仅仅是保守的，通过在情感上影响读者，促使他们接受社会变革。

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. 

7. The passage suggests which of the following about the “contradiction” mentioned in the highlighted sentence? 

细节题 推断题 难

AC

A. It was not generally addressed by critics before the 1970s. 之前并不觉得。符合第一句描述。1970s女权主义出现之后才出现的不同观点。

B. It is apparent in only a small number of Fern’s writings. 没有证据

C. It has troubled many feminist critics who study Ferns. 符合3句

8. It can be inferred from the passage that Tompkins would be most likely to agree with which of the following about the “critics” mentioned in the passage? 

态度题 难

D

A. They accurately characterize the overall result Fern is aiming to achieve. 相反

B. They are not dismissive of Fern as some feminist critics have suggested. 他们并没有像一些女权主义评论家所说的那样轻视弗恩。 没有证据

C. They exaggerate the extent to which Fern intended her writing to serve a social purpose. 没有证据

D. They wrongly assume that “sentimental” must be a pejorative term. 符合

E. They fail to recognize that sentimental rhetoric plays to readers’ emotions. 没有证据

Questions 9 to 10 are based on this passage 

Sciences/ecology

wolves / Yellowstone / elk / aspen / beaver

黄石公园的生态恢复

①In 1995, after an absence of nearly 70 years, wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park. ②During the wolf-free era, heavy browsing of aspen trees by elk populations spelled doom not only for the trees themselves but for a host of other creatures dependent on them, such as beavers, whose population in Yellowstone crashed after wolves were removed. ③Without beavers to create ponds,  wetland ecosystems—aquatic plants, amphibians, birds—were devastated. ④When wolves returned, grazers and browsers resumed normal patterns of behavior, preferring safer, open areas over the dense cover and stream sides where carnivores can lurk. ⑤Keeping elk wary and on the move, wolves gave aspen and other young trees the opportunity to grow and become reestablished. 

1995 年，在消失了将近 70 年之后，狼被重新引入黄石国家公园。 在没有狼的时代，麋鹿种群对白杨树的大量掠食不仅对树木本身而且对许多依赖它们的其他生物来说都是厄运，例如海狸，它们在黄石公园的种群在狼被清除后崩溃。 如果没有海狸来建造池塘，湿地生态系统——水生植物、两栖动物、鸟类——就会遭到破坏。 当狼回来时，食草动物恢复了正常的行为模式，它们更喜欢更安全、开放的区域，而不是肉食动物可以潜伏的密集覆盖和溪流两侧。 狼群的存在使麋鹿保持警惕并时常移动，保证了白杨和其他幼树成长和重现的机会。

9. The passage asserts which of the following about beaver populations in Yellowstone? 

细节题 易

B

A. They have rebounded since the reintroduction of wolves. 对但没提

B. They were adversely affected by the feeding habits of elk populations. 符合

C. They increased during the period when wolves disappeared from the park. 相反

D. They have historically had an adverse effect on the park’s wetland ecosystems. 相反

E. They are essential to the health of the park’s aspen trees. 没有证据

10. The author would be most likely to agree with which of the following claims about the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone? 

态度题 易

B

A. It indirectly harmed some of the park’s amphibian habitats. 没有证据

B. It reduced the number of elk feeding along stream sides. 符合

C. It led to greater species diversity among the park’s grazers and browsers. 没有证据

D. It significantly increased competition for food among the park’s carnivores. 没有证据

E. It fostered the resurgence of tree species that once flourished in the park’s open areas. 干扰。不在open areas。

生词摘录：

aspen 杨树

lurk 潜伏