氮控制设计手册第一章
1.1背景和目的
Man's influence on the environment is receiving increasing public and scientific attention.The quality of some of the nation's water bodies has been subjected to continuingdegradation as a result of man's activities. While there has been considerable success inreversing this trend, one roadblock to greater progress often has been the lack of thenecessary technology to reliably and economically remove the pollutants which are thecause of degradation of receiving waters. While conventional technology is well developedfor removing organics from wastewater, the processes for the control of nitrogen inwastewater effluents have been developed only recently.
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人类对环境的影响正受到越来越多的公众和科学关注。由于人类活动的影响，一些国家水体的质量已经持续恶化。虽然在扭转这一趋势方面已经取得了相当的成功，但更大进展的一个障碍常常是缺乏必要的技术，可以可靠且经济地去除导致水体退化的污染物。虽然传统技术已经很好地发展出用于从废水中去除有机物，但用于控制废水出水口中的氮的处理过程最近才得到开发。
The beginnings of the implementation of nitrification on a significant scale occurred in theU.S. as late as the 1960's. The practice of nitrification was widespread in England muchearlier. The first implementation of full nitrogen removal was as late as 1969 at South LakeTahoe in California and even this installation encountered many problems. A flurry ofresearch and development activity on the various nitrogen control methods occurred veryrecently beginning in the late 1960's and continues to date. Recent legislation and stateregulatory activities have spurred many localities into nitrogen control projects.
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尿素化工法的大规模推广在美国直至20世纪60年代才开始，而在英国尿素化工法的应用则更早期普及。首个全氮去除工程至迟于1969年在加利福尼亚的南太浩湖展开，甚至该工程亦曾遭遇多种问题。自20世纪60年代后期始，各种氮控制方法的研究与开发活动便快步展开，并持续至今。随着最近立法以及州级监管活动的推动，许多地方也陆续启动了氮控制工程。
Nitrogen control techniques are divided into two broad categories. The first group ofnitrogen control processes is involved with the conversion of organic and ammonia nitrogento nitrate nitrogen, a less objectionable form. These processes are termed nitrificationprocesses. The second category involves processes which result in the removal of nitrogenfrom the wastewater, not just merely the conversion of nitrogen from one form to anotherform in the wastewater. This latter group includes biological nitrification-denitrification, ionexchange, ammonia stripping and breakpoint chlorination.
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氮控制技术可分为两个广泛类别。第一组氮控制过程涉及将有机和氨氮转化为硝态氮，这是一种较少引起反感的形式。这些过程被称为硝化过程。第二类过程涉及从废水中除氮，而不仅仅是将氮从一种形式转化为另一种形式。这后一类包括生物硝化反硝化、离子交换、氨吸附和断点氯化过程。
The purpose of this manual is the dissemination of the available data on the nitrogen controltechniques developed to date. Further, this manual is not simply an assembly of data.rather, data from a variety of sources has been scrutinized and reasonable design criteriadrawn on the basis of all available sources. Where design procedures come directly from asingle investigator, appropriate reference is made to the work.
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本手册的目的是传播迄今为止开发的氮控制技术的可用数据。此外，该手册不只是数据的组装。相反，数据来自各种来源已经被仔细审查，并且所有可用资源的基础上得出了合理的设计标准。在设计过程直接来源于单个研究者的情况下，将对该工作进行适当引用。
This manual could not have been prepared five years ago because of the state of nitrogencontrol technology at that time. It may well be that continuing research will require anupdate of this manualin the future. Nonetheless, the body of knowledge on nitrogen controltechniques is now well developed and municipalities and local agencies have a firm basis uponwhich to plan those wastewater treatment facilities which require nitrogen controltechniques.
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此手册在五年前由于当时的氮控技术状态而无法准备。未来的持续研究可能需要更新本手册。然而，氮控技术的知识体系现已完善，市政和地方机构在规划需要氮控技术的废水处理设施时有了坚实的基础。
