Lesson 3 An unknown goddess

·单词

goddess n.    女生

archaeologist n.    考古学家 (英)

    ·archeologist n.    考古学家 (美)

    ·考古相关相关词汇

        ·archaeology/archeology n.    考古学

    ·相关词根

        ·词根：arch(a) = ancient adj.    古代的

            ·arcgaic adj.    （词，语言风格）古体的；过时的；古代的

                ·archaic words    古代的语言

                ·archaic civilizations    古代的文明

        ·词根：(o)logy = to study    去学习

            ·biology    生物学，bio 表示 life 生命的意思

            ·geology    地质学，geo 表示 earth 大地的意思

            ·psychology    心理学，psych 表示 mind 精神，心智的意思

            ·physiology    生理学，physi 表示身体，物理的意思

            ·anthropology    人类学，anthrop 表示人类学的意思

        ·词根：-ist "人"

            ·biologist    生物学家

            ·geologist    地质学家

            ·psychologist    心理学家，心理学医生

            ·physiologist    生理学家

            ·anthropologist    人类学家

Aegean adj.    爱琴海的

explore v.    考察，勘探

promontory n.    海角

prosperous adj.    (经济上) 繁荣的，昌盛的

    ·a prosperous country/businessman    一个繁荣的国家/一个经济兴荣的商人

    ·prosperity n.    繁荣        

        ·economic prosperity    经济繁荣

        ·We'll keep the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong at any cost.

            ·at any cost    不惜一切代价

            ·stability n.    稳定

        ·One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.    一百年后的今天，黑人仍然生活在物质繁荣的汪洋大海中的一座贫穷的孤岛上

            ·poverty n.    贫穷，贫困

    ·prosper vi.    繁荣
        ·A company can’t prosper without investment.    一个公司没有投资就不会繁荣

        ·prosper 可以替换的单词

            ·thrive/flourish    v.    繁荣；（植物或动物）长势好，茁壮成长

                ·plants that thrive/flourish in tropical rainforests.    在热带雨林中生长茂盛的植物

                ·a thriving/flourishing tourist industry.    兴旺的旅游业    thrive/flourish 的 adj. 形式

civilization n.    文明

storey n.    楼层 (英) ，变复数 -> storeys

    ·story n.    楼层 (美)    变复数 -> stories

    ·a two-story house    两层楼的房子

    ·The house is two stories high.    这房子有两层楼高

    ·a multi-story parking lot    一个多层的停车场

    ·floor 与 storey 的区别是

        ·floor 用于表示具体的第几层

        ·storey 常用来表述一共有多少楼层，不单独指一层   

    ·英式与美式表达楼层的不同点

        ·阁楼    attic (英美)

        ·顶层    the top floor (英美)

        ·...

        ·二层    the first floor (英)        the second floor (美)

        ·一层    the ground floor (英)        the first floor (美)

        ·地下室    basement (英美)

drainage n.    排水

worship n.    崇拜

sacred adj.    宗教的，神圣的

    ·a sacred holiday    一个圣教节日

    ·sacred music    圣歌

    ·Mecca is a sacred place.    麦加是一个圣地

    ·相同或有关的词

        ·holy adj.    神圣的

            ·HOLY BIBLE    圣经

            ·holy water    圣水

            ·a holy war    圣战

        ·blessed adj.    神圣的，受上帝保佑的

            ·the Blessed Virgin Mary    圣母玛利亚

            ·It is more blessed to give than to receive.    施比受更有福

        ·divine adj.    神的，神性的，上帝的

            ·To err is human, to forgive divine.    凡人多舛误，唯神能见宥    —— Alexander Pope

fragment n.    碎片

remains n.    遗物，遗迹，废墟；遗体，遗骸

    ·the remains of a meal    剩饭

    ·the remains of ancient Rome    古罗马的遗迹

    ·His remains are buried in the churchyard.    他的遗体葬在教堂墓地里 (remains 惯用复数)

    ·可以表示其余的，剩余的

        ·the rest of sth.    其余的，残余的 (不强调残余，表示剩下的，剩余的)

        ·the remainder of sth.    更文雅

            ·the rest of the semester = the remainder of the semester    这学期剩下的时间

        ·what is left of sth.    其余的，剩余的部分 (可以用被动)

        ·what remains of sth.    其余的，剩余的部分 (无 be 动词，用主动形式)

            ·Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake.    只有两只流浪狗从这些混乱中受益,因为他们贪婪地吃掉了剩下的蛋糕

            ·It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle that when he heard of the illness of his friend, Henry Taylor, he went off immediately to visit him, carrying with him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs. Carlyle's.    据说托马斯·卡莱尔(Thomas Carlyle)听说朋友亨利·泰勒(Henry Taylor)生病了，就立刻去看望他，口袋里装着一瓶剩下的药，这瓶药以前是为卡莱尔夫人的病开的

classical adj.    (希腊和罗马)古文化的

    ·classical studies    古典文学研究

    ·classical music    古典音乐

    ·易混淆的单词

        ·classi cadj.    典型的，有代表性的；一流的

            ·a classic novel    经典小说

    ·加 al 的单词

        ·electric adj.    电的，用电当作动力的

            ·an electric light/rezor    电 灯/动剃刀

        ·electrical adj.    电的，与电有关的

            ·electrical failure    电力故障

        ·historic adj.    历史上重要的

            ·a historic moment    历史性时刻

        ·historical adj.    adj.（有关）历史的；历史学的

            ·historical records    历史记录

        ·economic adj.    经济的，经济学的

            ·economic policy    经济政策

        ·economical adj.    经济实惠的；节约的

            ·an economical car    节油型汽车

        ·politic adj.    <正式>（行动）明智的，讲策略的

            ·a politic decision    一个明智的决定

        ·political adj.    政治（上）的，政府的

            ·political asylum    政治避难

reconstruct v.    修复

rest v.    倚放，放置

    ·Her elbows rested on the table.    她的胳膊肘支在桌子上

    ·She rested her head against a cushion.    她把头靠在垫子上

    ·rest on /upon    基于，依靠，建立在 ... 基础上 (主动结构)

        ·Columbus' decision to sail west rests on his belief that the world is round.    哥伦布决定向西航行是因为他相信地球是圆的

        ·类似的搭配

            ·be based/founded on/upon    基于/建立在 ... 基础上 (被动结构)

            ·depend on/upon

            ·rely on/upon

                ·Don't always depend on others.You should learn to rely on yourself.    不要总是依赖别人，你应该学会依靠自己

                ·While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.    虽然法律新闻的质量参差不齐，但许多记者过分依赖律师提供给他们的解释

                    ·while 的三个用法

                        ·1.当 ... 时候，多与过去时连用

                        ·2.(对比两件事物) … 而

                        ·3.虽然 (本句的用法)，引导让步状语从句

                    ·reliance n.    依靠，名词性用法

                ·While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.    虽然律师的评论和反应可能会增加报道的内容，但记者最好还是依靠自己对重要性的理解，做出自己的判断。

hip n.    屁股，臀部

full-length adj.    (群衣)拖地长的

graceful adj.    优雅的

identity n.    身份

·课文讲解

    Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea. An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini. The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization. Houses —— often three storeys high —— were built of stone. They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls. The city was even equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.

The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times. In the most sacred room of the temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C. Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C. This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved. It was very old and precious even then. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hips. She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground. Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far, the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.

Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea.

    ·some time ago    一段时间之前，前不久

    ·make a discovery (of ...)    做发现

        ·中文喜欢用动词 discover 来表达发现，中文是动词主导的语言，英语是名词主导的语言

        ·make a interesting discovery (of ...)     英语需要在名词前加修饰语来做出丰富的表达

        ·即把动词换成对应的名词然后在前面加一个 make，英语的表达方式

            ·use    ——>    变成对应的名词

            ·make use of ...    ——>    加上修饰语

            ·make the best use of ...    ——>    组成句子

            ·He made the best use of his talent.

            ·describe    ——>    变成对应的名词

            ·make a vivid description of ...

            ·investigate    ——>    变成对应的名词

            ·make a torough investigation of ...

            ·summarize    ——>    变成对应的名词

            ·make a comprehensive summary of ...

            ·analyze    ——>    变成对应的名词

            ·make a detailed analysis of ...

    ·本文中，主要讲是一个有趣的发现，所以在英语中就把重要的东西放在句子的前面，与之相似的还有下面这句话，关键的是：无线电电文

        ·A radio message from the mainland had been received by the ship's capta instructing him to give up the search.    船长收到了来自大陆的无线电信息，指示他放弃搜索

    ·of 在本句地点的后面的作用是引出地点名称

        ·the city of Beijing    这个城市叫北京

        ·the promontory of Ayia lrini    阿伊亚里尼海

        ·the tiny village of Perachora    一个叫波拉·考拉的小村庄

        ·the famous monastery of St. Bernard    著名的圣伯纳德修道院

        ·the novel of Three Kingdoms    错

        ·the novel entitled Three Kingdoms    被命名为《三国》的小说

        ·the movie entitled Da Vinci Code    被命名为《达芬奇密码》的电影

        ·the man named/called Vincent    被叫做文森特的人

An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini.

    ·stands    位于，矗立在某个地方 (强调立体的感觉)

        ·Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops.    花园里、建筑物和商店外面都矗立着奇怪的身影

        ·The Monument to the People's Heroes stands in the center of Tian'anmen Square.    人民英雄纪念碑矗立在天安门广场的中央

            ·to 献给某人的

        ·be located/situated/sited    位于，选址 (被动)

        ·sit    坐落  (也是强调立体的感觉)

            ·The house sits on top of a hill overlooking the town.    这所房子坐落在俯瞰城镇的山顶上

        ·lie    位于，躺 (面积比较大，侧重平面的感觉)

            ·The famous monastery of St. Bernard which was founded in the 11th century lies about a mile away.    始建于11世纪的著名的圣伯纳德修道院位于一英里外

The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.

    ·at one time = once    曾经 (暗示现在不这样了)

    ·must have been    对过去的肯定的推测

        ·The city at one time must have seen/knows prosperous.    这个城市曾经一定经历过繁荣，seen 和 known 单独使用都可以表示经历

    ·, for 原因状语从句表示因为

    ·enjoyed 享有

        ·enjoyed good health    享有高度的健康

        ·enjoy a high standard of living    享有高水准的生活

        ·The garments are magnificent and tasteful and have long enjoyed great fame both at home and abroad.    这些服装华丽雅致，长期以来在国内外享有盛誉

        ·be blessed with ...     幸运地拥有某个特定的事物

            ·They were blessed with two children, a boy and a girl.    他们享有两个孩子，一男一女

        ·be endowed with ...    天生具有

            ·She is endowed with both brains and beauty.    她既聪明又美丽

            ·They are endowed by the Creator with certain unalienable rights.    造物主赋予他们某些不可剥夺的权利

        ·boast    有 (人作主语表示吹牛，夸口说大话，不及物动词) (事物作主语表示物体拥有好的东西，希望看到的特指)

            ·China boasts a lot of beautiful scenery.    中国有许多美丽的风景

Houses —— often three storeys high —— were built of stone. 

    ·破折号：表示中间的是插入语

They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls. 

    ·with 表示从属关系，墙壁是房间的一部分

        ·a girl with blue eyes    一个蓝眼睛的女孩

        ·a mug with a broken handle    一个打碎了把儿的杯子

    ·decorate v.    装饰，装点。本句用 done 修饰 wall

        ·类似的：a vastly improved method    一个极大改良的方法

        ·a much acclaimed novel    一部倍受赞誉的小说

The city was even equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.

    ·equip A with B    把 A 装配给 B

        ·be equipped with ...    被装备着 (被动)

        ·equipment n.    设备 (不可数)

            ·The classrooms are equipped with modern multimedia teaching equipment.    教室配备了现代化的多媒体教学设备

     ·drainage n.    排水 (不可数)   

        ·drain n.    下水道 (可数)

    ·a great many (of) ...    很多 (跟可数名词的复数)

        ·a great number of ...    很多 (跟可数名词的复数)

        ·a great amount/deal of ...    很多 (跟不可数名词)

        ·a lot of    很多

    ·beneath/underneath 在下面，贴在下面    -反义词>    on 在上面，贴在上面

        ·类似单词补充

            ·under 在下方，中间有一段距离    -反义词>    over 在上方，中间有一段距离

            ·below 海拔位置低于    -反义词>    above 海拔位置高于

The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times.

    ·which the archaeologists explored    定语从句

    ·from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times    时间状语

    ·be used as ...    被当作 ... 使用

        ·The wooden box is used as a seat.    这个木箱被当作座位使用

        ·类似的

            ·act/serve/function as ...

            The wooden box act/serve/function a seat.    这个木箱当座位用

    ·B.C. (BC): Before Christ.    公元前，在耶稣基督出生之前

        ·A.D. (AD): Anno Domini.    公元，耶稣纪元后

    ·Roman times    罗马时代

        ·in modern/ recent/ancient/prehistoric times    在 现代/近代/古代/史前

        ·in times of ...    在 ... 时代

            ·in times of peace/war    在和平时期，在战争年代

            ·In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state ...    在和平时期，当生意不好的时候，霍克伍德和他的手下会进军一个城邦

            ·可替换为 age

                ·the Ice Age    冰河时代

                ·the Stone Age   石器时代

                ·the modern age    现代

                ·the computer age    计算机时代

            ·era/epoch    时代/时期

                ·the end of an era/epoch    一个时代的结束

                ·the steam-engine era/epoch    蒸汽机时代

                ·His death marked the end of an era.    他的死标志着一个时代的结束

                ·the beginning of a new era/epoch    一个新时代的开始

                    ·It marked the end of the great tradition of ships with sails and the beginning of a new era.    它标志着帆船伟大传统的结束和一个新时代的开始

                    ·The foundation of the People's Republic of China marked the beginning of a new era.    中华人民共和国的成立标志着一个新时代的开始

In the most sacred room of the temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. 

    ·represented vt.    代表

        ·可替换为 stand for

            ·Honey, this gold ring stands for/represents my love for you.    亲爱的，这枚金戒指代表我对你的爱

        ·on behalf of ...    代表

            ·Premier Li Keqiang delivered a speech on behalf of the Chinese government during the meeting.    李克强总理代表中国政府在会议上发表讲话

The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C. 

    ·dating from ...    追溯到

        ·date back to ...    追溯到

        ·can be traced back to ...    可以追溯到

        ·造句练习：丝绸之路(the Silk Road)的繁荣可以追溯到遥远的汉朝。

            ·The prosperity of the Silk Road dates from/dates back to/can be traced back to the distant Han Dynasty

Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C.

    ·happen to do    碰巧

        ·sth. happen to sb.    某事发生在某人身上

            ·A car accident happened to him.    一场车祸发生在他身上

        ·类似的：it happen that ...    碰巧

            ·We happened to take the same train.    我们碰巧坐同一列火车

            ·It happened that we took the same train.    我们碰巧坐同一列火车

        ·与之相似的：chance to do 碰巧去做某事        in chance that ... 碰巧

            ·We chanced to take the same train.    我们碰巧坐同一列火车

            ·It chanced that we took the same train.    我们碰巧坐同一列火车

        ·用状语表示碰巧，巧合

            ·by chance    偶然，碰巧; 意外地

            ·by accident    偶然; 意外地

            ·accidentally    意外地

                ·we took the same train by chance/by accident/accidentally.

        ·类似的：as it happen    碰巧

            ·As it happen, we took the smae train.    碰巧，我们坐的是同一列火车

        ·类似的：as luck would have it    碰巧 (没有感情色彩)

            ·As luck would have it, we took the smae train.    碰巧了，我们坐了同一列火车

             ·补充习语：gather our wits    平静下来

This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved.

    ·preserve    保护：把某个东西保持在良好的状态，使其质量不下降。保质

        ·preserve one's eyesight/food    保护视力/保存食物

        ·类似的：conserve    保护：保持数量不下降。保量

            ·conserve wildlife/resources    保护 野生动物/保护资源

        ·类似的：reserve    保护：保存起来，以为未来使用

            ·Reserve your energy for the climb tomorrow.    为明天的攀登保留体力

            ·All Rights Reserved    版权所有

            ·I reserve the right to disagree.    我保留不同意的权利

            ·reserve a table for 2    保留一张2个人的桌位

It was very old and precious even then. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.

    ·amaze    使惊奇;使惊愕：因迷惑而陷入不解

    ·表示使震惊的词

        ·surprise    使震惊

        ·astonish    使震惊，因为难以置信的事情而惊讶

            ·He was astonished at what he found. A man was lying in the box on top of a pile of woolen goods.    他对自己的发现感到惊讶。一个人躺在箱子里一堆羊毛制品上

        ·astound    使惊讶，把某人惊呆了

            ·The police were astounded when Mrs. Ramsay told them what she had done.    拉姆齐太太把自己的所作所为告诉警察时，警察大为震惊

    ·turned out to be    原来是这样的，强调出乎意料之外

        ·Eric's girlfriend turned out to be his half-sister.    埃里克的女朋友原来是他同父异母的妹妹

        ·prove (to be)    被证明是

    ·modern-looking    看起来现代的，时髦的

        ·interesting-looking    看起来有趣的

            ·an interesting-looking carved dagger    一把看起来很有趣的雕花匕首

        ·hard-working    工作努力的

        ·easy-going    平易近人的，随和的

She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hips.

    ·stood    连系动词，有多高，数量词坐表语

        ·weigh    连系动词，有多重

            ·The boy weighs 50 kilos.    这个男孩有50公斤重

        ·measure    连系动词，有 多长/多宽/多高/多深/各个尺度上

            ·The carpet measures 5 meters long/3 meters across.    这块地毯有 5米长/3米宽

    ·rested on    搭在 ... 上面

        ·Her face rested on her hands.    她的脸靠在手上

She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground.

    ·was wearing    过去进行时，让读者有身临其境的感觉，进行时，有一种现场的感觉

Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far, the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.

    ·Despite    尽管，引导让步。介词，后面跟名词

        ·类似的。介词，后面跟名词

            ·in spite of    尽管

            ·notwithstanding    尽管

        ·类似的，跟让步状语从句

            ·though    尽管

            ·although    尽管

            ·even though    尽管

            ·while    尽管

            ·in spite of the fact that ...    尽管 (用在书面语中)

            ·despite the fact that ...    尽管 (用在书面语中)

                ·Despite the fact that the bottle is tinted a delicate shade of green, an observant visitor would soon notice that it is filled with what looks like a thick, grayish substance.    尽管瓶子的颜色是微妙的绿色，但细心的游客很快就会注意到里面装满了一种看起来像是厚厚的灰色物质

    ·so far    迄今为止，跟现在完成时

如何写出引人入胜的叙事类文章?

制造悬念(有趣发现)→层层深入,迫近主题(庙宇→殿堂→神像)→揭示谜底,故事高潮(身首异处,摩登女郎)→尾声,意犹未尽(身份未知)