【经济衰退】罗斯福第12次炉边谈话 1938年4月14日

1938年4月14日，罗斯福总统发表了这篇炉边谈话，由于美国经济增长速度放慢，甚至出现衰退现象，引起了国内恐慌，罗斯福安抚了人民的恐慌情绪，并分析经济衰退的原因，呼吁人民和企业配合政府工作，严格履行新政法案，重振美国经济。

Five months have gone by since I last spoke to the people of the Nation about the state of the Nation.

自上次我同全国人民谈论国家状况以来，已经过去5个月了。

I had hoped to be able to defer this talk until next week because, as we all know, this is Holy Week. But what I want to say to you, the people of the country, is of such immediate need and relates so closely to the lives of human beings and the prevention of human suffering that I have felt that there should be no delay. In this decision I have been strengthened by the thought that by speaking tonight there may be greater peace of mind and that the hope of Easter may be more real at firesides everywhere, and therefore that it is not inappropriate to encourage peace when so many of us are thinking of the Prince of Peace.

我本想等到下周再和大家讲话，因为众所周知，本周是圣周。但是，我想与你们——美国人民谈论的事情重大，与人类生活、阻止人类苦难密切相关，所以我觉得不该拖延。而且我觉得，今晚的讲话有助于大家保持镇静，也可让全国各地的复活节更有盼头，而且现在大家都在心想和平之主(译者注：指耶稣)，那么此时说一些安抚大家内心的话语也并无不妥，所以我决定在今晚讲话。

Five years ago we faced a very serious problem of economic and social recovery. For four and a half years that recovery proceeded apace. It is only in the past seven months that it has received a visible setback.

5年前，我们面临着非常严重的经济危机和社会复兴问题。这4年半以来，国家在不停复兴。只在过去7个月里，国家复兴速度明显下降。

And it is only within the past two months, as we have waited patiently to see whether the forces of business itself would counteract it, that it has become apparent that government itself can no longer safely fail to take aggressive government steps to meet it.

我们耐心地等待，看看企业能否战胜这一挫折，但显然，过去2个月里，政府不能继续袖手旁观，我们必须采取政策应对这一挫折。

This recession has not returned to us (to) the disasters and suffering of the beginning of 1933. Your money in the bank is safe; farmers are no longer in deep distress and have greater purchasing power; dangers of security speculation have been minimized; national income is almost 50% higher than it was in 1932; and government has an established and accepted responsibility for relief.

但这场经济衰退并未让我们直接退回1933年初的灾难之景。你们的银行存款安然无恙；农民也走出了困境，拥有了更强的购买力；证券炒股的风险已经降至最低；国民收入比1932年时的水平上涨了50%；政府确立并执行着自身对人民的救济义务。

But I know that many of you have lost your jobs or have seen your friends or members of your families lose their jobs, and I do not propose that the Government shall pretend not to see these things. I know that the effect of our present difficulties has been uneven; that they have affected some groups and some localities seriously but that they have been scarcely felt in others. But I conceive the first duty of government is to protect the economic welfare of all the people in all sections and in all groups. I said in my Message opening the last session of the Congress that if private enterprise did not provide jobs this spring, government would take up the slack -- that I would not let the people down. We have all learned the lesson that government cannot afford to wait until it has lost the power to act.

但我知道，你们许多人失业了，或者有家人朋友失业了，我不会让政府对此视若无睹。我也知道，目前的经济困境对各地的影响也是不一样的，有的群体和地区受到严重波及，有的地区则几乎没有受到影响。但我认为，政府的首要职责便是保护全体各阶层人民的经济福祉。在上一届国会开幕致辞时，我说过，如果今年春天时，私人企业无法再继续创造就业岗位，那么政府便会下场代替他们——而我不会背弃对人民的承诺。我们都从过去吸取了教训，政府不能等到回天乏术之时才采取行动。

Therefore, my friends, I have sent a Message of far-reaching importance to the Congress. I want to read to you tonight certain passages from that Message, and to talk with you about them.

我的朋友们，我已经在国会致辞中阐述了重要事务。所以，今晚我想节选部分这份致辞中的部分内容，和你们一起探讨。

In that Message I analyzed the causes of the collapse of 1929 in these words:

那次致辞中，我如此分析了1929年经济崩溃的原因：

"over-speculation in and over-production of practically every article or instrument used by man .... millions of people, to be sure, had been put to work, but the products of their hands had exceeded the purchasing power of their pocketbooks...Under the inexorable law of supply and demand, supplies so overran demand (which would pay)that production was compelled to stop. Unemployment and closed factories resulted. Hence the tragic years from 1929 to 1933."

“过度的股市投机行为，以及人为生产了过剩的产品和工具...成百上千万人在工作生产，但是他们的购买力追不上他们工作的产量...而根据永恒不变的供求规律，供给量大幅超过需求量，生产就只能被迫中止。于是工厂倒闭，工人失业。造就了1929年——1933年的悲剧。”

Today I pointed out to the Congress that the national income -- not the Government's income but the total of the income of all the individual citizens and families of the United States -- every farmer, every worker, every banker, every professional man and every person who lived on income derived from investments -- that national income had amounted, in the year 1929, to eighty-one billion dollars. By 1932 this had fallen to thirty-eight billion dollars. Gradually, and up to a few months ago, it had risen to a total, an annual total; of sixty-eight billion dollars -- a pretty good come- back from the low point.

今天，我在国会指出，国民收入——注意，国民收入不是政府财政收入，而是美国全体公民、全体家庭的收入总和——包括每一位农民，每一位工人，每一位银行家，每一位技工和每一位股民——1929年的国民收入高达810亿美元。而到了1932年，这一数字已经骤降至380亿美元。之后该数字从这一低值慢慢上升，直至几个月前，它上升到了一年680亿美元——一次强势反弹。

I then said this to the Congress:

之后我对国会说：

"But the very vigor of the recovery in both durable goods and consumers' goods brought into the picture early in 1937, a year ago, certain highly undesirable practices, which were in large part responsible for the economic decline which began in the later months of that year. Again production had (outran) outrun the ability to buy."

“但在1937年初，也就是一年前，人们才注意到企业在加大耐用品和消费品的生产过程中又采取了一些不理想的做法，而很大程度上，正是这些做法在这年的后几个月导致了我国经济衰退。生产力再一次超过购买力。”

"There were many reasons for this over-production. One of them was fear -- fear of war abroad, fear of inflation, fear of nation-wide strikes. None of these fears have been borne out."

“造成这一结果的原因很多。其中一种原因便是恐惧——对国外战争的恐惧，对通货膨胀的恐惧，对全国大罢工的恐惧。但这些恐惧都是虚无缥缈。”

"...Production in many important lines of goods outran the ability of the public to purchase them, as I have said. For example, through the winter and spring of 1937 cotton factories in hundreds of cases were running on a three-shift basis, piling up cotton goods in the factory, (and) goods in the hands of middle men and retailers. For example, also, automobile manufacturers not only turned out a normal increase of finished cars, but encouraged the normal increase to run into abnormal figures, using every known method to push their sales. This meant, of course, that the steel mills of the Nation ran on a twenty-four hour basis, and the tire companies and cotton factories and glass factories and others speeded up to meet the same type of abnormally stimulated demand. Yes, the buying power of the Nation lagged behind."

“...如我所述，许多重要商品产线的产量都已经超出了公众购买力。比如说，1937年的冬春季，全国有数百家制棉厂采用三班轮换制，导致大量棉产品只能堆叠在厂里，中介商和零售商手里也积攒着一堆。再比如说，汽车厂商的成品车产量已经正常增长，但是他们却还使用各种方式增加销量，致使汽车产量逐渐失控。当然，这也就意味着我国的钢铁厂需要24小时运转，轮胎厂商、制棉厂、玻璃厂等其他工厂也需要加快生产速度，以满足这一失控的需求量。没错，我国的购买力已经滞后了。”

"Thus by the autumn of 1937, last autumn, the Nation again had stocks on hand which the consuming public could not buy because the purchasing power of the consuming public had not kept pace with the production."

“由于人民的购买力跟不上产量增加，所以到了1937年秋季，也就是去年秋季，国家手上又有了大量无法销售出去的库存。”

"During the same period ... the prices of many vital products had risen faster than was warranted. (....) For example, copper -- which undoubtedly can be produced at a profit in this country for from ten to twelve cents a pound -- was pushed up and up to seventeen cents a pound. The price of steel products of many kinds was increased far more than was justified by the increased wages of steel workers. In the case of many commodities the price to the consumer was raised well above the inflationary boom prices of 1929. In many lines of goods and materials, prices got so high in the summer of 1937 that buyers and builders ceased to buy or to build."

“同时期的...许多主要产品的价格上涨也超出了我们预期。比如说，铜——如果我国产出的每磅铜只出售10到12美分，厂商毫无疑问还是赚的——但是现实中这一价格却上升到17美分。各种钢铁产品价格的上涨幅度也远远超过钢铁厂工人的工资增速。许多产品的市场价格，甚至远高于1929年通货膨胀引起的虚假繁荣时的价格。到了1937年夏季，许多商品和材料的价格都过高，致使买家不再进货，建筑商叫停项目。”

"... the economic process of getting out the raw materials, putting them through the manufacturing and finishing processes, selling them to the retailers, selling them to the consumer, and finally using them, got completely out of balance."

“...原材料提炼，加工直至最终完工，发货给零售商，零售商再卖给消费者，消费者最终再使用掉，这一整个经济过程已经完全失衡。”

"...The laying off of workers came upon us last autumn and has been continuing at such a pace ever since that all of us, Government and banking and business and workers, and those faced with destitution, recognize the need for action."

“...去年秋季，我国许多企业进行了裁员，自此之后，裁员浪潮便一发不可收拾，使得我们所有人，无论是政府、银行业、企业、工人还是贫困群体，都意识到采取行动刻不容缓。”

All of this I said to the Congress today and I repeat it to you, the people of the country tonight.

我会将今天在国会的讲话向美国人民复述一遍。

I went on to point out to the Senate and the House of Representatives that all the energies of government and business must be directed to increasing the national income, to putting more people into private jobs, to giving security and a feeling of security to all people in all walks of life.

然后我又向参议院和众议院指出，政府和企业都必须全身心致力于增加国民收入，让更多人进入私企任职，并让各行各业的人民得到安全、感到放心。

I am constantly thinking of all our people -- unemployed and employed alike -- of their human problems, their human problems of food and clothing and homes and education and health and old age. You and I agree that security is our greatest need -- the chance to work, the opportunity of making a reasonable profit in our business -- whether it be a very small business or a larger one -- the possibility of selling our farm products for enough money for our families to live on decently. I know these are the things that decide the well-being of all our people.

我时刻牵挂着我国全体人民——无论失业与否——牵挂着人民的衣食住行、教育、健康和年迈一类的基本问题。大家和我都同意，安全保障是我们的头等需求——工人有得到工作的机会，企业有赚得合理利润的机会——大小企业机会均等——让农民能够卖掉农产品赚钱，使得其家人可以过上体面的生活。我知道上述同全体人民的福祉息息相关。

Therefore, I am determined to do all in my power to help you attain that security and because I know that the people themselves have a deep conviction that secure prosperity of that kind cannot be a lasting one except on a basis of (business) fair business dealing and a basis where all from the top to the bottom share in the prosperity. I repeated to the Congress today that neither it nor the Chief Executive can afford "to weaken or destroy great reforms which, during the past five years, have been effected on behalf of the American people. In our rehabilitation of the banking structure and of agriculture, in our provisions for adequate and cheaper credit for all types of business, in our acceptance of national responsibility for unemployment relief, in our strengthening of the credit of state and local government, in our encouragement of housing, and slum clearance and home ownership, in our supervision of stock exchanges and public utility holding companies and the issuance of new securities, in our provision for social security itself, the electorate of America wants no backward steps taken."

所以，我决心竭我所能，将这种安全带给人民，因为我知道人民自己也坚信，只有建立了企业公平贸易的基础，只有建立了全体各层人民能够共享繁荣的基础，这种繁荣才能稳定地持续下去。我今天在国会讲话时再次强调，无论是国会还是总统都不能“动摇或废除政府在过去5年里，代表美国人民进行的伟大改革。美国选民不希望改革出现任何倒退，重建银行体系、复兴农业、为各类企业提供充足的低息贷款、为失业群体发放救济的义务、增强各州各地政府的信誉、帮助购房、拆除贫民窟、监督证券交易、监督公共事业控股公司、发行新证券还有社会保障法，都不能废除。”

"We have recognized the right of labor to free organization, to collective bargaining; and machinery for the handling of labor relations is now in existence. The principles are established even though we can all admit that, through the evolution of time, administration and practices can be improved. Such improvement can come about most quickly and most peacefully through sincere efforts to understand and assist on the part of labor leaders and employers alike."

“我们承认工人有自由集会、集体谈判的权利；处理劳资问题的制度已经确立。虽然当前的原则得到我们普遍认可，但是随着时间推移，管理实践方法可以相应改进。我们要帮助工人领袖和企业家相互理解，相互帮助，以尽快尽可能实现和平改进。”

"The never-ceasing evolution of human society will doubtless bring forth new problems which will require new adjustments. Our immediate task is to consolidate and maintain the gains we have achieved."

“人类社会在不断变化，不可避免地会产生新的问题，需要我们不停做出调整。而我们的当务之急，是巩固维持我们已取得的成果。”

"In this situation there is no reason and no occasion for any American to allow his fears to be aroused or his energy and enterprise to be paralyzed by doubt or uncertainty."

“从而让任何美国人都不会因为怀疑和失控而心生恐惧，丧失激情与动力。”

I came to the conclusion that the present-day problem calls for action both by the Government and by the people, that we suffer primarily from a failure of consumer demand because of lack of buying power. Therefore it is up to us to create an economic upturn. "How and where can and should the Government help to start an (upward spiral) economic upturn?"

我最后得出结论，我们当前的问题需要政府和人民携手解决，当前问题主要是人民购买力不足，进而使得社会需求滞后造成的。而经济形势能否逆转，取决于我们的行动。“政府在什么情况下，用什么方法，才能或可能实现(螺旋上升式的)经济增长呢？”

I went on in my Message today to propose three groups of measures and I will summarize my recommendations.

我在今天的国会致辞中继续说道，然后提出了三类措施，我来总结一下告诉大家。

First, I asked for certain appropriations which are intended to keep the Government expenditures for work relief and similar purposes during the coming fiscal year that begins on the first of July, keep that going at the same rate of expenditure as at present. That includes additional money for the Works Progress Administration; additional funds for the Farm Security Administration; additional allotments for the National Youth Administration, and more money for the Civilian Conservation Corps, in order that it can maintain the existing number of camps now in operation.

第一类，今年7月即将开始下一个财政年度，我要求国会进行拨款，用于政府维持以工代赈一类工程的开支，让这些工程保持当前的效率。这一拨款包含公共事业振兴署的额外经费；农业安全局的额外资金；给全国青年总署的更多拨款，还有民间资源保护队的额外资金，以让他们能维持现有的营地数量。

These appropriations, made necessary by increased unemployment, will cost about a billion and a quarter dollars more than the estimates which I sent to the Congress on the third of January last.

且由于失业率持续上升，所以国会必须进行拨款，并且拨款数额要比我在今年1月3日国会上要求的数额再高12.5亿美元。

Second, I told the Congress that the Administration proposes to make additional bank reserves available for the credit needs of the country. About one billion four hundred million dollars of gold now in the Treasury will be used to pay these additional expenses of the Government, and three-quarters of a billion dollars of additional credit will be made available to the banks by reducing the reserves now required by the Federal Reserve Board.

第二类，我已告知国会，为满足国家信贷需求，政府准备提供银行额外储蓄金。现在国库约有价值14亿美元的黄金可用于政府的额外开支，还可以减少联邦储备委员会要求的储蓄金额，再为全国各银行提供7.5亿美元的信贷。

These two steps taking care of relief needs and adding to bank credits are in our best judgment insufficient by themselves to start the Nation on a sustained upward movement.

但根据我们的缜密判断，仅靠上述两类救济和信贷措施，是不足以让国家经济持续上升的。

Therefore, I came to the third kind of Government action which I consider to be vital. I said to the Congress:

所以，我又向国会提出了至关重要的第三类措施。我又对国会说：

"You and I cannot afford to equip ourselves with two rounds of ammunition where three rounds are necessary. If we stop at relief and credit, we may find ourselves without ammunition before the enemy is routed. If we are fully equipped with the third round of ammunition, we stand to win the battle against adversity."

“在我们需要三发子弹才能打败敌人时，只装上两发子弹肯定行不通。如果我们打出了救济和信贷这两发子弹就停火，恐怕敌人尚未咽气，我们却已耗尽弹药。但如果此时我们有第三发子弹，那么我们就可以彻底打败敌人。”

This third proposal is to make definite additions to the purchasing power of the Nation by providing new work over and above the continuing of the old work.

第三类，就是在保护已有工作的数量前提下，创造新的工作岗位，从而拉升国家购买力。

First, to enable the United States Housing Authority to undertake the immediate construction of about three hundred million dollars worth of additional slum clearance projects.

第一项，给美国住房署拨款3亿美元，使其立刻新开展贫民窟清除工作。

Second, to renew a public works program by starting as quickly as possible about one billion dollars worth of needed permanent public improvements in our states, and their counties and cities.

第二项，尽快为各州各县各市拨款10亿美元，用于长期改善公共设施，开展新一轮公共工程项目建设。

Third, to add one hundred million dollars to the estimate for Federal aid highways in excess of the amount that I recommended in January.

第三项，在我1月份提议的金额之上，联邦再拨款1亿美元用于帮助修建高速公路。

Fourth, to add thirty-seven million dollars over and above the former estimate of sixty-three million for flood control and reclamation.

第四项，在原本用于防洪填海的6300万美元经费基础上，在增加3700万美元。

Fifth, to add twenty-five million dollars additional for Federal buildings in various parts of the country.

第五项，为全国各地的联邦政府大楼额外拨款2500万美元。

In recommending this program I am thinking not only of the immediate economic needs of the people of the Nation, but also of their personal liberties --the most precious possession of all Americans. I am thinking of our democracy. I am thinking of the recent trend in other parts of the world away from the democratic ideal.

我在提议这一计划时，不仅考虑到全国人民的直接经济需求，也考虑到了人民的个人自由——这一全体美国人民最宝贵的财产。我还考虑到了民主。已经近期世界各地涌现出的反民主浪潮。

Democracy has disappeared in several other great nations -- disappeared not because the people of those nations disliked democracy, but because they had grown tired of unemployment and insecurity, of seeing their children hungry while they sat helpless in the face of government confusion, government weakness, -- weakness through lack of leadership in government. Finally, in desperation, they chose to sacrifice liberty in the hope of getting something to eat. We in America know that our own democratic institutions can be preserved and made to work. But in order to preserve them we need to act together, to meet the problems of the Nation boldly, and to prove that the practical operation of democratic government is equal to the task of protecting the security of the people.

有几个大国已经放弃了民主制度——这些国家放弃民主，并非因为人民不喜欢民主，而是因为人民厌倦了失业和不安，他们不忍心看着自己的孩子饿肚子，自己却无能为力，而政府也一片混乱，软弱无力——政府由于缺乏领导而软弱无能。最终，他们在绝望之中，选择牺牲自由换取食物。我们美国人都知道，美国的民主制度可以延续下去，并且继续发挥积极作用。但是想要捍卫民主，我们也要团结一致，勇敢地解决国家的困难，向世人证明，民主政府也能够保护人民的安全。

Not only our future economic soundness but the very soundness of our democratic institutions depends on the determination of our Government to give employment to idle men. The people of America are in agreement in defending their liberties at any cost, and the first line of that defense lies in the protection of economic security. Your Government, seeking to protect democracy, must prove that Government is stronger than the forces of business depression.

我们要下定决心为失业者提供就业岗位，这不仅关乎我国未来经济是否好转，更关乎我国民主制度能否延续。美国人民愿意不惜一切代价捍卫自己的自由，而捍卫自由的第一道防线，就是捍卫经济稳定。美国政府为了捍卫民主制度，必须证明政府可以战胜商业萧条。

History proves that dictatorships do not grow out of strong and successful governments but out of weak and helpless governments. If by democratic methods people get a government strong enough to protect them from fear and starvation, their democracy succeeds, but if they do not, they grow impatient. Therefore, the only sure bulwark of continuing liberty is a government strong enough to protect the interests of the people, and a people strong enough and well enough informed to maintain its sovereign control over its government.

历史已经证明，独裁者上台并非是因为政府强大贤能，而是因为政府软弱无力。如果人民可以通过民主制度选出一个强力的政府，可以保护人民不受恐惧和饥饿困扰，那么民主制度也可以取得成功，反之，人民会逐渐对民主制失去信心。所以，想要捍卫自由，唯一坚实可靠的堡垒便是要建立一个强大的政府，要能够保护人民的利益，同时人民也要有勇气、用智慧来制约政府，使政府为民所用。

We are a rich Nation; we can afford to pay for security and prosperity without having to sacrifice our liberties into the bargain.

我国富甲一方；我们可以在保护自由的同时，实现安全和繁荣。

In the first century of our republic we were short of capital, short of workers and short of industrial production, but we were rich, very rich in free land, and free timber and free mineral wealth. The Federal Government of those days rightly assumed the duty of promoting business and relieving depression by giving subsidies of land and other resources.

在共和国的第一个百年，我们缺少资金，缺少劳动力，工业产能不足，但是我们也相当富有，我们拥有免费的土地、木材和矿藏。当时的联邦政府通过补贴土地和其他资源产业，来推动企业发展，摆脱经济萧条。

Thus, from our earliest days we have had a tradition of substantial government help to our system of private enterprise. But today the Government no longer has vast tracts of rich land to give away and we have discovered, too, that we must spend large sums of money to conserve our land from further erosion and our forests from further depletion. The situation is also very different from the old days, because now we have plenty of capital, banks and insurance companies loaded with idle money; plenty of industrial productive capacity and many millions of workers looking for jobs. It is following tradition as well as necessity, if Government strives to put idle money and idle men to work, to increase our public wealth and to build up the health and strength of the people --to help our system of private enterprise to function again.

所以，从我国历史最早的时候开始，就有政府大力援助私企的传统。但时至今日，政府已经无力再将大面积的肥沃土地送给人民，而且我们发现，政府甚至不得不花费大量资金防止土壤被继续侵蚀，防止森林资源被继续挥霍。我国国情也与此前大不相同，现在我国有大量财富，银行和保险公司坐拥大量闲置资金；工业产能巨大，成百上千万工人需要工作。只要政府能让闲置资金发挥作用，让失业群体得到工作，那么公共财富便能继续增长，人民也会更加强健——进而使得我们的私企制度正常运转，这既符合我国的传统，也十分有必要。

It is going to cost something to get out of this recession this way but the profit of getting out of it will pay for the cost several times over. Lost working time is lost money. Every day that a workman is unemployed, or a machine is unused, or a business organization is marking time, it is a loss to the Nation. Because of idle men and idle machines this Nation lost one hundred billion dollars between 1929 and the Spring of 1933, in less than four years. This year you, the people of this country, are making about twelve billion dollars less than you were last year.

以这种方法摆脱萧条不会毫无代价，但是摆脱萧条后，带给我们的经济利润将会是代价的数倍。无人工作的时间无异于亏损金钱。但凡一个工人失业一天，一台机器无人使用一天，一家企业发展停滞一天，都是国家的损失。从1929年到1933年春季，工人失业和机器闲置导致我国在不到4年的时间里损失了1000亿美元。而今年，美国人民们，你们相较去年少挣了大约120亿美元。

If you think back to the experiences of the early years of this Administration you will remember the doubts and fears expressed about the rising expenses of Government. But to the surprise of the doubters, as we proceeded to carry on the program which included Public Works and Work Relief, the country grew richer instead of poorer.

如果你忆起本届政府刚刚上台之际，你一定记得，当时人民看到政府开支增加，不由得感到恐惧，提出质疑。但是我们继续施行公共工程和以工代赈等计划，结果国家不仅没有变穷，反而变得更加富有，这出乎所有质疑者的意料。

It is worthwhile to remember that the annual national people's income was thirty billion dollars more last year in 1937 than it was in 1932. It is true that the national debt increased sixteen billion dollars, but remember that in that increase must be included several billion dollars worth of assets which eventually will reduce that debt and that many billion dollars of permanent public improvements -- schools, roads, bridges, tunnels, public buildings, parks and a host of other things meet your eye in every one of the thirty-one hundred counties in the United States.

要记住，1937年我国人民的年收入总额比1932年提高了300亿美元。虽然我国又添了160亿美元的债务，但记住，这些债务中有几十亿美元的资产，最终可以直接用于还债，另外几十亿美元则可以用于长期改善公共设施——建学校、修路、搭桥、挖隧道、修建公共建筑和公园等等项目，这些项目遍布全美3100多个县，届时项目成效会让大家有目共睹。

No doubt you will be told that the Government spending program of the past five years did not cause the increase in our national income. They will tell you that business revived because of private spending and investment. That is true in part, for the Government spent only a small part of the total. But that Government spending acted as a trigger, a trigger to set off private activity. That is why the total addition to our national production and national income has been so much greater than the contribution of the Government itself.

但届时肯定会有某些人会告诉你们，过去5年国民收入增加，根本不是政府开支建设各类工程的结果。他们肯定会说，商业复兴全归功于人们自己的投资消费。这种说法也不能说错，因为政府消费的确只占消费总额的一小部分。但是政府的消费起了带头作用，带动人们增加消费。所以，国家产值和国民收入的增长总额会远超政府自己的贡献。

In pursuance of that thought I said to the Congress today:

我本着这种想法继续对国会说：

"I want to make it clear that we do not believe that we can get an adequate rise in national income merely by investing, and lending or spending public funds. It is essential in our economy that private funds must be put to work and all of us recognize that such funds are entitled to a fair profit."

“我要强调一点，我们不觉得仅凭投资、借贷和花费公款就足以拉动国民收入上升。我国的经济体制想要运转，私人经济必须发挥起作用，并且我们都不否定，私人经济体有权在这一过程中得到应有的利润。”

As national income rises, "let us not forget that Government expenditures will go down and Government tax receipts will go up."

在国民收入增加时，“我们不能忘记，要减小政府开销，同时增加税收。”

The Government contribution of land that we once made to business was the land of all the people. And the Government contribution of money which we now make to business ultimately comes out of the labor of all the people. It is, therefore, only sound morality, as well as a sound distribution of buying power, that the benefits of the prosperity coming from this use of the money of all the people ought to be distributed among all the people -- the people at the bottom as well as the people at the top. Consequently, I am again expressing my hope that the Congress will enact at this session a wage and hour bill putting a floor under industrial wages and a limit on working hours -- to ensure a better distribution of our prosperity, a better distribution of available work, and a sounder distribution of buying power.

政府曾经赠与企业的土地是全体人民的土地。而今天政府援助企业的资金也是全体人民的劳动成果。所以，是人民的财富创造了今天的繁荣，我们只有以高尚的道义，同时合理分配购买力，才能将繁荣带来的好处分给全体人民——各阶层人民都平等享有分配。所以，我再次表明我的意愿，我希望本届国会可以通过一项工资工时法案，为不同产业设置低薪，并限制工作时间——以让全体人民能够享有繁荣带来的红利，同时更加合理地分配工作岗位和购买力。

You may get all kinds of impressions in regard to the total cost of this new program, or in regard to the amount that will be added to the net national debt.

不过考虑到这一新计划的总成本，或者考虑到国家净债务会进一步上升，大家可能也会有自己的顾虑。

It is a big program. Last autumn in a sincere effort to bring Government expenditures and Government income into closer balance, the Budget I worked out called for sharp decreases in Government spending during the coming year.

这一工程规模巨大。去年秋季，我为了平衡政府的开支，就在预算报告中要求政府在来年大幅降低支出。

But, in the light of present conditions, conditions of today, those estimates turned out to have been far too low. This new program adds two billion and sixty-two million dollars to direct Treasury expenditures and another nine hundred and fifty million dollars to Government loans -- the latter sum, because they are loans, will come back to the Treasury in the future.

但是，着眼当前的情况，今天的现状，我们的预算估值明显过低了。这一计划致使财政部的开销支持增加了20.62亿美元，还另拨出9.5亿美元给政府用以贷款——因为后一笔支出性质属于贷款，所以在未来会返还给财政部。

The net effect on the debt of the Government is this -- between now and July 1, 1939 -- fifteen months away -- the Treasury will have to raise less than a billion and a half dollars of new money.

这一债务的净效果是——即日起至1939年7月1日——也就是15个月后——财政部会收回将近15亿美元。

Such an addition to the net debt of the United States need not give concern to any citizen, for it will return to the people of the United States many times over in increased buying power and eventually in much greater Government tax receipts because of the increase in the citizen income.

所以公民们无需担心美国的净债务增多，因为随着公民购买力的提高，随着公民收入和政府税收同步增加，这些债务最终会分批次回到美国人民手中。

What I said to the Congress today in the close of my message I repeat to you now. "Let us unanimously recognize the fact that the Federal debt, whether it be twenty-five billions or forty billions, can only be paid if the Nation obtains a vastly increased citizen income. I repeat that if this citizen income can be raised to eighty billion dollars a year the national Government and the overwhelming majority of state and local governments will be definitely 'out of the red.' The higher the national income goes the faster will we be able to reduce the total of Federal and state and local debts. Viewed from every angle, today's purchasing power -the citizens' income of today -- is not at this time sufficient to drive the economic system of America at higher speed. Responsibility of Government requires us at this time to supplement the normal processes and in so supplementing them to make sure that the addition is adequate. We must start again on a long steady upward incline in national income."

现在，我向大家复述一遍我在结束国会致辞时的发言。“我们要共同认识到，无论我们联邦的债务是250亿美元也好，400亿美元也罢，要偿还这些债务，必须先实现国民收入大幅提升。我再强调一遍，如果我国公民年收入总额可以增加到800亿美元，联邦政府和绝大多数州地方政府肯定都可以‘跳出赤字’。国民收入越高，联邦和各州地方偿还债务的速度就越快。从哪个角度来看，美国当前的购买力——美国的国民收入——都还不足以推动美国的经济体制高速发展。在这个时候，政府有就责任对经济过程进行完善增补，并且完善增补要有力度，要行而有效。政府必须设法让国民收入再次长期稳定上升。”

"...And in that process, which I believe is ready to start, let us avoid the pitfalls of the past -- the overproduction, the over-speculation, and indeed all the extremes which we did not succeed in avoiding in 1929. In all of this, Government cannot and should not act alone. Business must help. And I am sure business will help."

“...我认为这一进程已经可以开始，它可以让我们绕过之前踩过的坑——生产过剩、投机倒把等等我们在1929年未能化解的一切危机。但在这一过程中，政府不能，也不应该孤军奋战。企业要助政府一臂之力。我相信企业是愿意的。”

"We need more than the materials of recovery. We need a united national will."

“我们不仅需要用以复兴国家的物质。还需要全国人民团结一致。”

"We need to recognize nationally that the demands of no group, however just, can be satisfied unless that group is prepared to share in finding a way to produce the income from which they and all other groups can be paid...You, as the Congress, I, as the President, must by virtue of our offices, seek the national good by preserving the balance between all groups and all sections."

“我们全国各地都要认识到，政府不可能满足所有群体的一切诉求，无论这些诉求多么有理有据，除非某群体能发明并分享一种能使自己和其他所有群体均可在经济上受益的模式...你们是国会议员，我是国家总统，必须使用自身职务的权力，捍卫各地区各群体之间的平衡，以促进全国共同利益。”

"We have at our disposal the national resources, the money, the skill of hand and head to raise our economic level -- our citizens' income. Our capacity is limited only by our ability to work together. What is needed is the will."

“我国有丰富的资源，有充足的资金，有心灵手巧的人民，这都是我国提高经济水平——提升国民收入的优势。我们能取得多大成绩，只取决于我们的合作程度。此外，还要有坚定的意志。”

"The time has come to bring that will into action with every driving force at our command. And I am determined to do my share."

“是时候动用我们的一切力量将理想变为现实了。我已下定决心倾尽所能。”

".....Certain positive requirements seem to me to accompany the will -- if we have that will."

“...我认为，部分积极措施需要我们献出意志——前提是我们有此意志。”

"There is placed on all of us the duty of self-restraint. That is the discipline of a democracy. Every patriotic citizen must say to himself or herself, that immoderate statement, appeals to prejudice, the creation of unkindness, are offenses not against an individual or individuals, but offenses against the whole population of the United States..."

“我们每个人都有坚忍自制的责任。这也是民主制度不可或缺的要求。每一位心怀祖国的公民都必须告诉自己，极端言论、制造偏见、煽动仇恨，这些行为不仅是针对某个人或某个群体的，还是针对全体美国人民的...”

"Use of power by any group, however situated, to force its interest or to use its strategic position in order to receive more from the common fund than its contribution to the common fund justifies, is an attack against and not an aid to our national life."

“任何团体，无论其处境多么糟糕，都不可以滥用其权力或其地理位置来谋求自己不该得到的公款，擅自挪用公款对改善国民生活无益，反而会破坏国民生活。”

"Self-restraint implies restraint by articulate public opinion, trained to distinguish fact from falsehood, trained to believe that bitterness is never a useful instrument in public affairs. There can be no dictatorship by an individual or by a group in this Nation, save through division fostered by hate. Such division there must never be."

“要做到自制，我们就要做到捍卫人民有表达观点的权利在制约政府，要训练自己明辨是非真假的能力，要坚定信念，知道不能靠承受苦难解决公共事务。除非有人试图靠煽动仇恨分裂我国，否则我国无论如何都不能允许任何人、任何组织独裁。这种分裂国家行为必须严防死守。”

And finally I should like to say a personal word to you.

最后，我想对大家说一些我自己的心里话。

I never forget that I live in a house owned by all the American people and that I have been given their trust.

我永不忘怀，我身居的官邸属于全体美国人民，也不会忘记人民寄信念于我。

I try always to remember that their deepest problems are human. I constantly talk with those who come to tell me their own points of view -- with those who manage the great industries and financial institutions of the country --with those who represent the farmer and the worker -- and often, very often with average citizens without high position who come to this house. And constantly I seek to look beyond the doors of the White House, beyond the officialdom of the National Capital, into the hopes and fears of men and women in their homes. I have travelled the country over many times. My friends, my enemies, my daily mail bring to me reports of what you are thinking and hoping. I want to be sure that neither battles nor burdens of office shall ever blind me to an intimate knowledge of the way the American people want to live and the simple purposes for which they put me here.

我心里一直认为，美国人民最深层次的问题，在于人性。我经常同人们交谈，同那些愿意把自己观点告诉我的人——同我国巨头企业和经济机构的总裁交谈——同工人和农民的代表交谈——最常同我交流的，还是身份并不显赫的，来到白宫的普通公民。而我也不断放远视野，不局限于白宫，不局限于华盛顿的官僚，而要望进广大普通百姓的家中，看到这些男男女女心中的希望与恐惧。我曾多次访问全国各地。我的朋友们，还有我的反对者们，你们的想法和愿景每天都会以信件的形式送到我的面前。我想向大家保证，无论政治斗争多么激烈，职务负担多么繁重，我都会继续奉献，给予美国人民想要的生活和基本期愿，正是因此，美国人民才将我选入白宫。

In these great problems of government I try not to forget that what really counts at the bottom of it all is that the men and women willing to work can have a decent job, -- a decent job to take care of themselves and their homes and their children adequately; that the farmer, the factory worker, toe storekeeper, the gas station man, the manufacturer, the merchant -- big and small -- the banker who takes pride in the help that he can give to the building of his community -- that all of these can be sure of a reasonable profit and safety for the earnings that they make -- not for today nor tomorrow alone, but as far ahead as they can see.

在处理政府的各大问题时，我会时刻提醒自己，这些问题中最重要、最基本的一项，便是给我国愿意工作的男男女女找到一份体面的工作——一份可以让他们自力更生、养家糊口的工作；要确保农民、工人、商店老板、加油站工人、企业家、商人——大大小小的商人——还有愿意为社区做贡献并引以为傲的银行家——要确保各行各业的人都能有可观的收入，并保护他们的劳动成果——时间不能仅限于今天，也不能仅限于每天，而是要在整个可视的将来都确保他们的经济收益。

I can hear your unspoken wonder as to where we are headed in this troubled world. I cannot expect all of the people to understand all of the people's problems; but it is my job to try to understand all of the problems.

虽然大家不明说，但我也能听到大家心中的困惑，世界纷扰，大家不知美国该航向何方。我并不期望我国每一个人民都能了解其他所有人民面临的困境；但是我本人作为总统，需要尽可能地了解人民的全部困难。

I always try to remember that reconciling differences cannot satisfy everyone completely. Because I do not expect too much, I am not disappointed. But I know that I must never give up -- that I must never let the greater interest of all the people down, merely because that might be for the moment the easiest personal way out.

我时刻铭记，调解分歧不可能让所有人都十分满意。因为我的期望值不高，所以我不会感到失望。但我明白，我绝不能放弃——我绝不能辜负全体人民托付于我的国家利益，因为仅据我所知，这是当下最正确无误的做法。

I believe that we have been right in the course we have charted. To abandon our purpose of building a greater, a more stable and a more tolerant America would be to miss the tide and perhaps to miss the port. I propose to sail ahead. I feel sure that your hopes and I feel sure that your help are with me. For to reach a port, we must sail -- sail, not lie at anchor, sail, not drift.

我相信我们制定的道路是正确的。如果我们放弃建设伟大、稳定、包容的美国这个目标，我们就相当于航海时放弃顺流前进，甚至会错过停靠的港湾。我提议，我们继续向前航行。我相信，大家会继续对我怀揣信心，我相信，大家会对我伸出援手。为抵达终点，我们必须乘风破浪，勇往直前——不要抛锚停歇，要勇往直前，不要随波逐流，要勇往直前。

声明：本人仅按照原文翻译内容，演讲内容不代表本人观点。此专栏仅供历史和英语交流学习使用，任何读者皆可引用本人的译本。

希望来学习英语的观众明白：我觉得这些专栏的主要精华在于英语原文，而并非我的译本，我的译本很大程度上只是供来学习历史的观众使用的。本人的英语水平一般，翻译得并不会多么精彩，只能在你看不懂时来帮助你了解这些演讲内容最基本的意思，而且翻译时难免会出现差错，切勿直接完全以我的译本为标准。如发现有翻译错误或者歧义内容，欢迎指正。

希望来学习历史的观众明白：任何历史人物都有一定的局限性，随着时代发展，很多观点看法可能已经不再适用今天的世界，西方的观点也不一定适用于我们。通过了解这些演讲，仅可给我们提供一个更全面了解过去和世界的渠道。我们可以从优秀的历史、当代人物身上学到很多，但是请保持独立思考，理性看待演讲内容，切勿全信或将其奉为真理。