2023 高考英语语法之二 名词篇

专题二  名词

重难点分析

名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考语法填空设置考点的重要语法项目之一。不可数名词前不能与不定冠词连用，之后不能加-s。有些抽象名词却有复数形式，但意义与原来的不同。有些可数名词复数有两个意思，一个与单数意义相同，另一个和单数含义不同，这些含义很可能成为高考考查的内容。词语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。   

一、名词的分类及常见用法

可数名词

个体名词

teacher,   student, piano, schoolbag

功能

集体名词

family,   committee, people, class

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

名词在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、同位语或状语

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

可数名词的复数

 

 

 

 

 

规则变化

一般词后加-s

days, boys,   Americans, tools

s, x, sh, ch结尾加-es

buses, boxes,   dishes, matches (stomachs除外)

“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i，再加- es

babies,   factories, stories, cities

以f或fe结尾，变f/fe为v，加-es

leaves, wives,   knives (roofs, proofs, gulfs, beliefs, chiefs, staffs, safes除外)

以o结尾，有生命加-es，无生命加-s

heroes,   potatoes, tomatoes, pianos, radios (hippos, bamboos除外)

数字的复数加-s或“’s”

in the   1990s/1990’s

 

 

 

不规则变化

改变词中元音字母

woman-women,   goose-geese, man-men, foot-feet, tooth-teeth

形式复数，意义单数

news, maths,   politics, economics等

单复数同形

means, deer,   sheep, fish, species, Chinese等

其他

child-children,   bacterium-bacteria, crisis-crises, ox-oxen, phenomenon-phenomena

不可数名词

物质名词

wood, water,   steel, paper, blood

抽象名词

friendship,   progress, fun, knowledge

专有名词

John, Smith,   Beijing, Christmas Day

 

 

名词所有格

一般在名词右上方加“’s”；以s结尾的名词只加“’”

Women’s Day, an   hour’s walk, students’ reading-room, today’s paper

表有生命的东西或时间、空间、距离、价格、重量等名词的所有格

介词of+名词

a map of China,   the top of the mountain

无生命的东西的名词所有格

 

二、名词其他需要注意的几点

1. 名词的数

(1) 复合名词的复数

有主体名词的复数形式（lookers-on, passers-by等）和无主体名词的复数形式（grown-ups, go-betweens）。

(2) 集体名词的数

①有些集体名词只能用作复数，如：cattle, police, people等。注意：people意为“民族、种族”时，有单、复数形式。

②有些集体名词只能用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, equipment, jewellery, mankind等。

③有些集体名词作为整体看待时，用作单数；指其中各个成员时，用作复数。这样的集体名词有class, family, couple, audience, government, public, committee, crew等。

The whole family are watching TV now. 现在全家人都在看电视。

His family is a big one. 他家是一个大家庭。

(3) 由两部分构成的名词只能用复数形式，如：glasses, trousers, shorts, scissors, gloves, scales, compasses等。

(4) “the + 姓氏的复数”表全家人，如：the Blacks, the Smith, the Wangs等。

(5) 具有双重特性的名词

①意义不同的可数和不可数名词

a room 房间——room空间

a chicken 鸡——chicken 鸡肉

an experience 经历——experience 经验

an agreement 协议——agreement 同意

②单、复数意思不同的名词

arm 手臂——arms 武器

brain 脑——brains 智力

custom 风俗——customs 海关

force 力量——forces 军队

regard 注意；关心——regards 问候

time 时间——times 时代

work 工作——works 作品；工厂

manner 态度——manners 礼貌

spirit 精神——spirits 心情；情绪

content 内容——contents 目录

loss 损失——losses 损失物

condition 状况——conditions 条件

expression 表达——expressions 短语

feeling 感觉——feelings 感情

wood 木头——woods 树林

2. 名词的所有格

(1) 表示两者或两者以上共同所有，在最后一个词的后面加“’s”；表示各自拥有时，每个名词后都要加“’s”。如：

Li and Ma’s room 李和马共有的房间

Li’s and Ma’s rooms 李和马各自的房间

(2) 表某人的家或店铺、诊所等。如：

Li’s 李家   the doctor’s 诊所   the barber’s 理发店   the butcher’s 肉铺   the stationer’s 文具店

(3) 所有格除了用于有生命的事物外，也可以用于表示国家、城市等的名词。如：

China’s prosperity 中国的繁荣

the country’s plan 国家计划

(4) of所有格也可用于有生命的物体，用于名词较长或名词的定语较长时。如：

a story of a famous doctor 一个名医的故事

the son of the man you just talked to 刚刚和你说话的那个男人的儿子

(5) 双重所有格

“of+名词所有格或名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格。of后名词所有格中的名词必须指人，而且是特指。如：

an old friend of my uncle’s 我叔叔的一位老朋友

a play of Shakespeare’s 莎士比亚的一部戏剧

some houses of my grandfather’s 我爷爷的一些房子

3. 名词作定语

(1) 一般用单数形式。如：

country music 乡村音乐   shoe shops 鞋店   traffic lights 交通灯

注意：sports, customs, arms, clothes, sales, goods作定语时，要用复数形式。如：

sports meeting 运动会   customs officers 海关官员   arms production 武器生产

(2) man和woman作定语时，变复数时予中心词一起变。如：

men doctor 男医生   women teachers 女老师

 

考点练透

一、单句填空 用适当的词或所给词的适当形式填空。

1. There are fifty-six ________ (people) in China.

2. We need much ________ (room) for all the furniture.

3. This kind of dress was popular in the ________ (1980).

4. ________ (girl) students and ________ (woman) teachers are in the majority in our school.

5. There used to be a lot of milu ________ (deer) in China.

6. These are art ________ (work) of the Tang Dynasty.

7. ________ (child) shoes are on the second floor of this store department.

8. We can see many ________ (editor-in-chief) present at the conference.

9. I had my hair cut short at the ________ (barber) nearby yesterday.

10. On the whole, he was a ________ (fail) in his life.

11. Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a ________ (lack) of exercise.

12. Now more and more people prefer to have a ________ (pet) at home — a little dog, a cat or some other animals.

13. My parents always let me have my own ________ (way) of living.

14. We volunteered to collect money to help the ________ (victim) of the earthquake.

15. We all know that ________ (action) speak louder than words.

16. My teacher pointed out the wrong choice of ________ (express) in my composition.

17. The real ________ (hero) are those who are making the most contributions to our society.

18. The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of ________ (me).

19. Without a compass, it is easy to lose one’s way in the ________ (wood).

20. He begged for help from ________ (passer-by), but they all pretended not to have heard what he was saying and went by quickly.

二、语篇填空 用适当的词或所给词的适当形式填空。

Charles Pink was a young     1     (Canada) who had a good house and he knew how to enjoy himself. Every Saturday, he went to the theater and     2     (party). His car was one of the best in his city. He had lots of     3     and one day bought a plane. He learned to fly and flying became one of his main     4     (enjoy).

One day about thirty     5     (year) ago, he set off in his small plane on a trip across     6     (Mexican). At first everything went well, but when he was over the part of the country     7     engine of the little machine failed.

Fortunately, Pink was flying at a good     8     (high) when the bad thing happened, and he had time to find a place to land. Below him he could see a number of     9     (field) which looked nice enough to land on, and he managed to bring his machine down on one of     10    .

三、语法填空 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。   2    ()

In the journey to self-discovery, it is very important    1    (understand) what success is. In today’s world a good percentage of people define success    2    becoming famous, being on the cover of magazines,    3    (have) lots of money in their bank account and so much more.

Before I    4    (become) a Life Coach, I had studied Civil Engineering in school, after which things were moving pretty well and I had lots of    5    (business) in Lagos. At that point, I thought I had succeeded    6   I was wrong because I was never truly happy and I just couldn’t get rid of that feeling like something was missing.

At every stage of our lives we grow, at every level we want something    7    (many) and we keep feeling like there is an aspect of ourselves we haven’t managed to use. At    8    (difference) points in time, success or being successful will mean different things to different people.

Success is not    9    destination; you can never fully arrive at a place and say you are successful. Success through self-discovery is about understanding that one can never    10    (complete) know himself and herself.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

参考答案

考点练透

一、单句填空

1. peoples  2. room  3. 1980s/1980’s  4. Girl; women  5. deer  6. works  7. Children’s  8. editors-in-chief  9. barber’s  10. failure  11. lack  12. pet  13. way  14. victims  15. actions  16. expressions  17. heroes  18. mine  19. woods  20. passers-by

二、语篇填空 

1. Canadian  2. parties  3. money  4. enjoyments  5. years  6. Mexico  7. the  8. height  9. fields  10. them

三、语法填空

本文主要讲述了自我发现和成功的旅程。

1. to understand  考查非谓语动词。因it is adj. to do sth.为固定句型，故填to understand。

2. as  考查介词。因define…as为固定搭配，以为“把……定义为”，故填as。

3. having  考查非谓语动词。由becoming和being可知，应用动词ing形式作并列宾语。

4. became  考查动词的时态。由had studied可知，应用一般过去时，故填became。

5. businesses  考查名词单复数。因有lots of修饰，应用复数形式。

6. but  考查连词。因I thought I had succeeded和I was wrong表转折关系，故填but。

7. more  考查比较级等级。由句意可知，表示“……想要更多”应用比较级。故填more。

8. different  考查词性转换。修饰名词points应用形容词，故填different。

9. a  考查冠词。根据名词destination可知，名词前应加不定冠词，表泛指，故填a。

10. completely  考查词性转换。修饰动词know应用副词，故填completely。