*Fighting instructions, 1530-1816，Sir Julian Stafford Corbett

I：查韦斯的阿隆索的风帆战术

前言：

  以下摘录出自查韦斯的阿隆索（Alonso de Chaves）之所著《航海通鉴》（Espejo de Navegantes），即我们名之为Seamen's Glass，以展现风帆时代初期海军战术的发展。该著无疑从未发行；而由著名西班牙海军史学家Fernández Duro于马德里历史学院图书馆觅得。尽管成作确切日子不祥，不过可以肯定，查韦斯是为十六世纪上半叶于查理五世的宫中得势的一批海事作者与专家之一。其论著之中的观点，便是为了捍卫自己的论点而反对当代仍旧盛行的旧观念：即只有桨帆船和其余划桨舰艇具有序列队之能。他在如此作中写道：

  “多人言之于海上既无能对风帆舰列队，亦无有战术根基于此；也无法通过事先完备的列阵以在所需时发动进攻或提供援助；因而，风帆舰艇于战斗中的列队毫无必要，因为这种队列根本无法维持。据此，我的看法是，同样的异议根据亦限制了敌人的行动，而当武备水平相匹之时，何方对阵型与队列把持的最好，胜利的天平便倾向于谁：因以风浪破坏队列毫无可能，而一支舰队愈是无有对战列的把控，愈是将被当即击溃。风帆舰艇之于海上，如同战马之于陆地，尽管于任何步调之时转向不甚捷，但合律的队列却能增其力量。以此，于海上，只需无有风暴，无有什么足以阻碍既已成之队之运用；而即使遭遇风暴，另一方同样会遭受袭击：风暴与任何一方都交战，而在与之对抗之中无论何方皆为一视同仁。”

  乍看，Alonso de Chaves似乎并未虑及船艺（seamanship）的优势，而这一因素注定使得胜负的天平对西班牙不利；然而他所总结的一下段落却表明，任何时候都将船艺视作控制队列的因素。他认为：

  “若有人言之敌当我一样所想，我答曰：当敌我数量与装备大抵相当，何方更加灵活，何方更有气力而坚韧，何方将赢得对手；而即使有更好的武备而气力更足，而无良好的队列及操控，则将无法如此：与击剑一样，弱小的一方若更灵动，则比或是不懂或是不知节律之强者更能击中。同样适用于陆上的军队，如我们所见，规模较小的部队多次凭其优秀的队列击溃较强方。”

  书中的主题以四个章节或段落的方式附于Fernández Duro的历史著作首卷附录12之中，即：I，“海上战斗或战争”（Of war or battle at sea），与单舰行动有关；II，“战斗阵型与格斗方式”（The form of a battle and the method of fighting），与武备、炮战戒律与登舷有关；III“关于一支舰队同另一支的战斗”（Of a battle of one fleet against another）与IV“作战”（battle）最后两节这是包含了已知最早的为风帆舰对制定明确的战斗编队与战术体系的尝试，而其正是由下列摘译而来。

  值得注意，其所提出的战斗体系，即以尽可能快的速度靠近敌舰与近战炮击的根源思想仍是建立在中世纪的战术之上，而主要基于桨帆船的作战方式。不过作者所坚持的观点在某方面则新颖而先进：即海上的指挥官应当在行动中尽可能的把持阵型，而非如以往那样领军进攻。读者还当应当注意对各种船只类型加以区别，所有船型在作战中都规定了自己的职责。这正是桨帆船战争时代的孑遗，随着风帆战舰的发展而迅速消亡，似乎永不复用：除非在将来不就重新归来，我们将看到最新设计的鱼雷艇以其轴轮与螺旋取代古代barcas的定位与功能，而装甲巡洋舰则将取代naos de succurro*。

（注：*：所指不祥，似乎指快速机动的桨帆船）

  

    《航海通鉴》（约1530年代）[Fernández Duro，《西班牙海军》（Armada Espanola）第1卷，附录12]

   

     第三章——关于一支舰队同另一支的战斗（节选）：

  ....When the time for battle is at hand the captain-general should order the whole fleet to come together that he may set them in order, since a regular order is no less necessary in a fleet of ships for giving battle to another fleet than it is in an army of soldiers for giving battle to another army；

  战斗临近之时，将军之人应当命令整支舰队结合起来，而将使其井然有序，合律的布阵之于风帆船舰队与另一支作战之时绝有必要，甚过陆上一支部队与另一支部队交战

  Thus, as in an army, the men-at-arms form by themselves in one quarter to make and meet charges, and the light horse in another quarter to support, pursue, and harass ; so in a fleet, the captain- general ought to order the strongest and largest ships to form in one quarter to attack, grapple, board and break-up the enemy, and the lesser and weaker ships in another quarter apart, with their artillery and munitions to harass, pursue, and give chase to the enemy if he flies, and to come to the rescue wherever there is most need.

  而如陆军之骑士自发编队在一处以冲锋，而轻骑兵负责在另一处支援、追击、突袭*一般，舰队之中将军之人应当命令船中最强者在一处集结而进攻、格斗、登舷而后击溃船上之敌，而较弱者则负责在另一处用其火器于敌溃逃之时袭扰、追逐而后猎获，并在最需要之处提供支援。

（注：*：原文为“Entrar y salir”，轻骑兵专用术语，意为“冲进复出”，似乎通常用于描述对薄弱处的短暂而突然的进攻）

  The captain-general should form a detachment of his smaller and lighter vessels, to the extent of one- fourth part of his whole fleet, and order them to take station on either side of the main body. I mean that they should always keep as a separate body on the flanks of the main body, so that they can see what happens on one side and on the other.

  将军之人应将较小较弱者单独遣离，以全舰队之四分之一为限，命其驻于本部的两侧；即，我意为这些小船应当作为独立分队于本部的侧翼，以便观察我与敌之状况。

  He should admonish and direct every one of the ships that she shall endeavour to grapple with the enemy in such a way that she shall not get between two of them so as to be boarded and engaged on both sides at once

  将军之人当告诫指挥每艘船当殚力格斗而同时避免夹于两船之间，以免同时与两艘敌舰交战并被其登舷。

  Having directed and set in order all the aforesaid matters, the captain-general should then marshal the other three-quarters of the fleet that remain in the following manner.

  如前所述编排之后，当以下列方式编排其余四分之三：

  He should consider his position and the direction of the wind, and how to get the advantage of it with his fleet.Then he should consider the order in which the enemy is formed, whether they come in a close body or in line ahead, and whether they are disposed in square bodies or in a single line, and whether the great ships are in the centre or on the flanks, and in what station is the flagship; and all the other considerations which are essential to the case he should take in hand.

  将军之人当考虑其位置与风向及如何将其利用以为舰队获得优势；然后，当考虑敌舰队的既成之列，是紧密相依或是排成纵列¹？是结为方阵或是列一横队²？敌之大船居正中或是侧翼？旗舰居于何处？以及其余所有事况必不可缺的考量都当顾及。

（注：1：即“Unos en pos de otros d la hilo”，即船艏方向相接开火；2：即“En escuadrones ó en ala”，“escuadrones 与“ala”当代军事用于中二者意为“紧密编队”与“成单一列”，此处ala可能指并排）

  By all means he should do his best that his fleet shall have the weather-gage ; for if there was no other advantage he will always keep free from being blinded by the smoke of the guns, so as to be able to see one to another ; and for the enemy it will be the contrary, because the smoke and fire of our fleet and of their own will keep driving upon them, and blinding them in such a manner that they will not be able to see one another, and they will fight among themselves from not being able to recognise each other.

  无论发生何种情况，将军之人应当率其舰队抢占上风位置：当无另外益处，其将能免受枪炮烟火蒙蔽视野，而以便观察彼此；而对敌人而言，情况反之，无论敌我舰队之烟雾焰火皆当向其袭去，以此种方式使其陷入失明无法视见彼此，而敌亦会因无法识别而相互攻击。

  

  Everything being now ready, if the enemy have made squadrons of their fleet we should act in the same manner in ours, placing always the greater ships in one body as a vanguard to grapple first and receive the first shock ; and the captain-general should be stationed in the centre squadron, so that he may see those which go before and those which follow.

  如是一切皆当就绪，若敌舰队既已列队成阵，我则亦如是；大船始终居于每部之前以为前锋发动进攻而首当其冲；将军之人则当居于阵之中央以观前查后。

  Each of the squadrons ought to sail in line abreast, so that all can see the enemy and use their guns without getting in each other’s way, and they must not sail in file one behind the other, because thence would come great trouble, as only the leading ships could fight. In any case a ship is not so nimble as a man to be able to face about and do what is best.

  诸战队中各船当横队而进¹，以使所有战船皆能望敌而炮击，互不妨碍；绝不可相接纵列而行，妨碍彼此，而致使唯有领船足以战。无论何种情况，帆船都不如人灵活，无法如是转向朝敌，以图更好的打算²。

（注：1：“Cado uno de los escuadrones debe ir en ala”，此处escuadrone当代是为“squadorn”，即现代含义中每个战列中的诸“战队”（division）；结合前后文，ala指“横列”（line abreast），而非“纵列”（line ahead）；2：意指一帆船完成炮击后无法反向退离而让后方的船只进行开火，其整套战术体系基于近战火力而作为登舷战与单兵武器格斗的准备）

  The rearguard should be the ships that I have called the supports, which are to be the fourth part of the fleet, and the lightest and best sailers ; but they must not move in rear of the fleet, because they would not see well what is passing so as to give timely succour, and therefore they ought always to keep an offing on that side or flank of the fleet where the flagship is, or on both sides if they are many; and if they are in one body they should work to station themselves to windward for the reasons aforesaid.

 

  最轻捷、最精良者，充以预备，为后卫，是为阵中第四部；其不可居于舰队后方行动，如此将无法看清所发生而以便及时援助；因而，当始终居于旗舰所在舰队之一侧或一翼保持一段距离之处，而若后卫船只众多，则居于两翼；若后卫合为一处则当竭力戗风，原因如前述。

  And if the fleet of the enemy shall come on in one body in line abreast,ours should do the same, placing the largest and strongest ships in the centre and the lightest on the flanks of the battle, seeing that those which are in the centre always receive greater injury because necessarily they have to fight on both sides.

  若敌合为一阵齐头并进*，则我亦当如此，最强大者居于阵之中央，最轻捷者居于两翼；此是虑于居于中间者总是承受更大的伤害，因需同时与两边作战。

（注：*：即“Viniere toda junta puesta in ala”）

  

  And if the enemy bring their fleet into the form of a lance-head or triangle, then ours ought to form in two lines [alas] keeping the advanced extremities furthest apart and closing in the rear, so as to take the enemy between them and engage them on both fronts, placing the largest ships in the rear and the lightest at the advanced points, seeing that they can most quickly tack in upon the enemy opposed to them.

  若敌列阵如锥，则我当列为二纵，保持其前遥相望去而其后合为一阵*，如此以夹敌之舰队于其中；最强大者居于后，最轻捷者列于纵前，如是可当即接敌。

（注：*：意指雁形阵型）

  

  And if the enemy approach formed in two lines [alas], ours ought to do the same, placing always the greatest ships over against the greatest of the enemy, and being always on the look-out to take the enemy between them ; and on no account must ours penetrate into the midst of the enemy’s formation [batalla], because arms and smoke will envelope them on every side and there will be no way of relieving them.

  若敌如前列为雁形，我亦当如是，置我最强之船对于敌之最强，并时刻留心将敌夹于其中；不可陷于敌阵之中部，其铳弹烟火皆会四面袭之而去，我亦无法支援。

  The captain-general having now arrayed his whole fleet in one of the aforesaid orders according as it seems best to him for giving battle, and everything being ready for battle, all shall bear in mind the signals he shall have appointed with flag or shot or topsail, that all may know at what time to attack or board or come to rescue or retreat, or give chase. The which signals all must understand and remember what they are to do when such signals are made, and likewise the armed boats shalftake the same care and remember what they ought to do, and perform their duty.

  如是将军之人依如前所述布其舰队，以其所认为最好之方式以战，一切就绪；众船当牢记己之战旗、号炮、桅顶所发之令，知何时进攻、何时登舷、何时支援、撤退、逐击；众人皆当明其意；信号发出之时，当牢记己所将何；诸舟亦当如是小心谨慎，恪尽职守，履其职责。

    第四章——战斗

  Then the flagship shall bid a trumpet sound, and at that signal all shall move in their aforesaid order ; and as they come into range they shall commence to play their most powerful artillery, taking care that the first shots do not miss, for, as I have said, when the first shots hit, inasmuch as they are the largest, they strike great dread and terror into the enemy ; for seeing how great hurt they suffer, they think how much greater it will be at close range and so mayhap they will not want to fight, but strike and surrender or fly, so as not to come to close quarters.

  随后旗舰吹号施令，众船当依此号令如其前述阵排其阵列；当步入射程，当发最重之炮，牢记首次炮击务必命中；因如我所言，首次炮击由于是为重炮所发，当使敌恐慌惧怕；若敌知其承受伤害如何，亦会知近战炮击更甚，也许当失去战意，当震恐而或投降、或逃离，而不与我近。

  Having so begun firing, they shall always first play the largest guns, which are on the side or board towards the enemy, and likewise they shall move over from the other side those guns which have wheeled carriages to run on the upper part of the deck and poop.And then when nearer they should use the smaller ones, and by no means should they fire them at first, for afar off they will do no hurt, and besides the enemy will know there is dearth of good artillery and will take better heart to make or abide an attack.

  如是以船艏炮击之后，当发列于侧舷之重炮，而将安于炮车上之船炮搬入露天甲板与艉楼；敌近则发较小炮，不应当第一时间击发，因其既无法在远处造成伤害，亦会使敌知悉此处缺好炮，而更自信的发动进攻或是承受攻击。

  And after having come to closer quarters then they ought to play the lighter artillery. And so soon as they come to board or grapple all the other kinds of arms shall be used, of which I have spoken more particularly: first, missiles, such as harpoons [dardos] and stones, hand-guns [escopetas] and cross-bows, and then the fire-balls aforesaid, as well from the tops as from the castles, and at the same time the calthrops, linstocks, stinkballs [pddoras], grenades, and the scorpions for the sails and rigging. At this moment they should sound all the trumpets, and with a lusty cheer from every ship at once they should grapple and fight with every kind of weapon, those with staffed scythes or shear- hooks cutting the enemy ’s rigging, and the others with the fire instruments [trompas y bocas de fuego] raining fire down on the enemy’s rigging and crew.

  敌既成以迫近，我则当发轻炮；一旦陷入接舷或是抓钩近战，所有我述及之兵皆当使用：先是如标枪、石块、弩与手铳诸者投射武器，而后是船楼桅盘掷下之火球，与蒺藜、火棒、臭弹、手雷，而后朝敌之风帆、索具投掷抓钩；如是时，当吹响各式号角，以各式长兵搏斗，或以长镰、勾镰砍断索具，或以喷火枪朝敌之船员、索具喷射焰火。

  The captain-general should encourage all in the battle, and because he cannot be heard with his voice he should bid the signal for action to be made with his trumpet or flag or with his topsail.

  将军之人当在作战中激励所有人，因为声音无法被听到，当以号角、旗帜或在顶帆发号施令。

  And he should keep a look-out in every direction in readiness, when he sees any of his ships in danger, to order the ships of reserve to give succour, if by chance they have not seen it, or else himself to bear in with his own ship

  而后，将军之人当时刻注意八方，随时准备；若察觉有任何船只陷入危险，则调遣预备队以图救援；若出于偶然无法看到号令，则令其尽己所能。

  The flagship should take great care not to grapple another, for then he could not see what is passing in the. battle nor control it. And besides his own side in coming to help and support him might find themselves out of action; or peradventure if any accident befell him, the rest of the fleet would be left without guidance and would not have care to succour one another, but so far as they were able would fly or take their own course. Accordingly the captain-general should never be of the first who are to grapple nor should he enter into the press, so that he may watch the fighting and bring succour where it is most needed.

  旗舰应当小心谨慎，勿与另一艘船发生缠斗，如此既无法观察战斗中之所发生亦无法控制舰队；此外，当是时若友军前来援助，其则会察觉自己无能为力；而若旗舰遭到不测，舰队中其余船只当失去指引，其余诸舰间相互支援亦无以为继，唯逃离或单打独斗而已。因而，将军之人不当率先率舰格斗，也不应当陷入战况焦灼之处，而当观察战况而将增援遣至所需之所。

  The ships of support in like manner should have care to keep somewhat apart and not to grapple till they see where they should first bring succour. The more they keep clear the more will they have opportunity of either standing off and using their guns, or of coming to close range with their other firearms. Moreover, if any ship, of the enemy takes to flight, they will be able to give chase or get athwart her hawse, and will be able to watch and give succour wherever the captain-general signals.

  预备队亦当与战阵保持一定距离，而非陷入缠斗，除非发觉何处需当即增援；离得愈远，就愈有机会远离战斗用船炮攻击，或是步入近程则以其余火器短兵相接；除此，若有任何敌船逃跑，则可将其逐获、拦截；且能听将军之人所令增援何处所需。

  The boats in like manner should not close in till they see the ships grappled, and then they should come up on the opposite side in the manner stated above, and carry out their special duties as occasion arises either with their bases, of which each shall carry its own, and with their harquebuses, or else by getting close in and wedging up the rudders, or cutting them and their gear away, or by leaping in upon the enemy, if they can climb in without being seen, or from outside by setting fire to them, or scuttling them with augers.

  如上，诸舟艇出于同样的方式远离战线，直至察觉有船只陷入缠斗；接着当以前述方式出现，时机成熟之际，以小佛郎机击敌¹，或诸人自备火枪，履其职责，抑或抵近楔死船舵、将其砍断、而后登上敌舷、跳入敌中，如若爬上船舷时未被发现；或是从外面放火焚沉，或以螺钻凿沉敌舰²。

（注：1：即“Versos”，后装回旋炮；英文翻译版作“bases” ，寇菲林样式的小炮 2：即“Dando barrows”，作者于单船作战的一章节中详细解释了这类武装小艇的特殊定位，如下：

  “船只若陷入缠斗，小艇准备就绪后，当在敌船艉处停靠，牢牢固死，首先砍掉其船舵，或是用至少六个楔子将其堵死，如此船只便无法转向或行动；如有更多机会，在未被发觉时，则在水线以下钻六个孔洞，如此敌船便会沉没”

  该章节其余部分则涉及对待死伤者的方法、获胜后如何逐击、以及舰队的重整）

II：托马斯·奥德利的舰队指令

前言：

  托马斯·奥德利（Thomas Audley）根据亨利八世的命令所起草的战斗指令可以视作纯粹中世纪后期的英国作战条例，其书于以侧舷火力为代表的的炮击战术诞生之前，便已为现在战术播下了种子。几乎可以肯定，这些条例是依历史以来的先例而来，因为奥德利是为一名律师。该份文献并未注明日期，不过由于其中提及作者在是时并未获得任何头衔或封号，因而很可能写于1531年11月其受封高阶律师（Serjeant-at-law）与国王从者（king's serjeant）前，而肯定是不早于1632年五月份其本人追封骑士爵。正是是时，亨利八世步入他的宗教改革，有着充分的理由为国外的复杂局做好准备，尤其是与当代的海军领先强国西班牙。

  正如奥本海默（此指Michael Oppenheim，英国海事史学家）针对当代海军上将爱德华·霍德华爵士（Sir Edward Howard）于1512年与1513年两度尝试进攻法国港口，而最后一次进攻以灾难而告终所提出的看法那样，最后两项坚持所作可能是为了加大作战议会的权力。

  

    《英王水师作战条例》（Orders to be used by the king's Majesty's navy by the sea）[Brit. Mus. Harleian MSS. 309, fol. 42, et seq*]（节选）：

（注：*：托马斯·奥德利于亨利八世指挥下所撰写的海陆军军事条例书籍）

  If they meet with the enemy the admiral must apply to get the wind of the enemy by all the means he can, for that is the advantage. No private captain should board the admiral enemy but the admiral of the English, except he cannot come to the enemy’s, as the matter may so fall out without they both the one seek the other. And if they chase the enemy let them that chase shoot no ordnance till he be ready to board him, for that will let his ship’s way.

  

  如遇到来犯之敌，海军上将必须尽其所能以一切方式抢占上风位置，如此优势无与伦比；除了英国海军上将外的任何私人船长禁止登上敌人的旗舰，除非他无法与其他敌舰交战，因为这样会导致一艘船与另一艘船间脱节；而当追击敌人之时当禁止船炮开火，直至准备登舷，以免使自己的船偏离目标。

  Let every ship match equally as near as they can, and leave some pinnaces at liberty to help the overmatched. And one small ship when they shall join battle [is] to be attending on the admiral to relieve him, for the overcoming of the admiral is a great discouragement of the rest of the other side.

  每艘船当尽可能的就近与敌作战，并安置一些小艇自主行动以帮助被击败的船只；当进入战斗时，应当有一艘小船跟随海军上将以为支援，而若能击败敌方旗舰则会使其士气大受打击。

  In case you board your enemy enter not till you see the smoke gone and then shoot off all your pieces, your port-pieces, the pieces of hail-shot, [and] crossbow shot to beat his cage deck, and if you see his deck well ridden then enter with your best men, but first win his tops in any wise if it be possible. In case you see there come rescue bulge the enemy ship [but] first take heed your own men be retired, [and] take the captain with certain of the best with him, the rest [to be] committed to the sea, for else they will turn upon you to your confusion.

  如要登上敌舷，则需烟雾散去，而发射舱口炮、霰子炮、你的一切船炮，并用弩箭射击甲板沿舷之敌；而若发觉敌甲板严阵以待，则带着自己最好的人攻入，不过此先务必尽可能以任何方式战胜船楼之敌。如若发觉敌前来救援，则先需让己方撤离，虏获船长在内的要员，凿沉敌船*；其余人则丢进海里，否则将会向你发起攻击，造成混乱。

（注：*：原文此处为“Bulge ”，意为使之沉船（scuttle）；据说是因为一艘船在满载或是搁浅沉船时船体会鼓起）

  The admiral ought to have this order before he joins battle with the enemy, that all his ships shall bear a flag in their mizen-tops, and himself one in the foremast beside the mainmast, that everyone may know his own fleet by that token. If he see a hard match with the enemy and be to leeward, then to gather his fleet together and seem to flee, and flee indeed for this purpose till the enemy draw within gunshot. And when the enemy doth shoot then [he shall] shoot again, and make all the smoke he can to the intent the enemy shall not see the ships, and [then] suddenly hale up his tackle aboard*,and have the wind of the enemy. And by this policy it is possible to win the weather-gage of the enemy, and then he hath a great advantage, and this may well be done if it be well foreseen beforehand, and every captain and master made privy to it beforehand at whatsoever time such disadvantage shall happen

  当于敌人交战之前，海军上将应当下达如此军令：所有船只当于后桅顶处悬挂一面旗帜，旗舰的将旗则挂于前桅朝向中桅处，如此每艘船都可以通过这种标识认清自己的舰队。若海军上将发觉与敌作战艰苦并处于下风位置，则聚合自己的兵力佯装败退，而将敌引入射程之内；敌方开炮射击，我方也应当如此，尽己所能制造烟雾，使敌无法看清，而后猛然闯入敌中，抢占风位。通过这种战术将可赢得敌舰的上风位置，大获优势；如若事前知悉，将尽善尽美；而诸位将官船长无论何时遭遇不利都当事前将其知晓。

（注：*：原文可能作“hale or haul his tacks aboard”，翻译依此）

  The admiral shall not take in hand any exploit to land or enter into any harbour enemy with the king’s ships, but he call a council and make the captains privy to his device and the best masters in the fleet or pilots, known to be skilful men on that coast or place where he intendeth to do his exploit, and by good advice. Otherwise the fault ought to be laid on the admiral if anything should happen but well.

  除非事先召开作战会议，使诸部将知道其意图，否则海军上将不可率领任何国王陛下的船只闯入敌方港口；而舰队中最优秀的船长与领航员，则将在海岸与陆地大显身手，并提供充分建议。否则，如若发生任何不测，过错归咎于海军上将自己。

  And if he did an exploit without assent of the captains and [it] proved well, the king ought to put him out of his room for purposing a matter of such charge of his own brain, whereby the whole fleet might fall into the hands of the enemy to the destruction of the king’s people.

  

  如若海军上将在无有征得任何部将的同意下擅自发起行动，即使大获成功，国王也应当解除其职位，因其擅作主张，而必将整支舰队陷入敌手，让国王陛下的臣民陷入不复。

 

III：亨利八世所采用的西班牙战术

前言：

  下文两套条例起草于1545年8月份亨利八世与法国最后一次作战的第二阶段之中。是时上月，法国海军上将阿讷博氏（即D’Annibault，此指Claude d'Annebault）被迫放弃了对朴茨茅斯和怀特岛的进攻企图，并撤回海岸征召兵员；利勒（Lord Lisle，此指当时的利勒子爵兼诺森布兰公爵约翰·达德利（John Dudley））则正准备出击并诱使其行动。

  可以看出，比起来1530年代所制定的条例，这些指令明显进步，并流露出查韦斯氏的西班牙战术思想的强烈影响。二者在诸多方面上的形似着实引人注目，这或许可以归因于是时近期亨利八世与查理五世的结盟。主要区别在于，亨利舰队的“两翼”（wings）由划桨船只所构成。为了使其拥有足够的作战能力，亨利的舰队拥有最新颖与最强悍的桨帆中船（galliasses）与桨帆长船（galleys）——这些船只专为战斗而建造，皆装备船桨。如此的原因是因为与之作战的法国舰队实质是一支混合舰队，其风帆船队得到了来自地中海分舰队中的一队桨帆船的增援。这种在战术上将两者相结合的尝试——一种即使当代是意大利的海军将领迄今为止依然无法解决的问题，指向了于海军指挥艺术的深入，而这正完全是亨利八世的特点。

  第一份条例的核心理念，即由最强悍的商船与国王自己的大型战船组成前锋的三线阵列，并由较小的武装商船组成一支强大的后卫以为支援，同时两个桨帆船组成的侧翼则位于三线阵的侧方。前锋经由三线阵的调整，一般是为顿缓的楔形，第一线由八艘大商船构成，主要是雇佣而来的汉萨同盟的商船；第二线则有十艘王家海军的战舰与一艘私人大船构成；十九艘较次的商船则位于第三线。其战术所指显而易见是如查韦斯氏所述的那样，由笨重的汉萨同盟商船首当其冲承受攻击，并以此为后方的王家战船破坏敌方的编队，而第三线的船只则作为支援。两个侧翼是为了专门牵制敌方的桨帆船队，对应的是查韦斯氏著中的预备队，而其附属三线阵的重要之处在于后者包含了国王最新式的盖伦战船（galleon）。

  在于8月10日发布的第二份指令中，该条例得到了大幅度的修改。由于一些本国西南部的船只抵达，舰队的实力得到增强，重新制定了作战条例（这份条例印于State Papers, Henry VIII (Old Series), i. 810之中）。尽管编队仍然保留钝楔形的样貌，不过被进行简化。重组后的阵型是由24艘风帆船组成前锋，40艘组成“本阵”（battaill）或主体，以及40艘排桨的“中船（galliasse）、shallop小船及小艇（boat）”则构成一个完整的侧翼。不过重组后的侧翼依然能够在两支战队间行动，因为与前锋与本阵不同，这支侧翼战队同时拥有一名战队将领与一名副将。

  

    利勒子爵的第一份战斗条例，1545（Lord Lisle，NO.I，1545.）[Le Fleming MSS. No. 2.]*

（注：*：原文中给出组成战列的每艘舰艇序列，此处略过）

    作战指令（The Fighting Instructions）：

   

  It is to be considered that the ranks must keep such order in sailing that none impeach another. Wherefore it is requisite that every of the said ranks keep right way with another, and take such regard to the observing of the same that no ship pass his fellows forward nor backward nor slack anything, but [keep] as they were in one line, and that there may be half a cable length between every of the ships.

  应当考量，在航行中，队伍必须保持秩序，决不能相互妨碍。因而，每条线阵上的船只必须与另外的保持正确的位置，并需保持注意，任何船只都不能向前向后越过其友军，亦不能让阵线松懈，而是让其维持在一条阵线上，每艘船间尽量保持半链*的间距。

（注：*：即cable，等于1/10海里的距离；当代的一链可能介于169米 215.5米间）

  The first rank shall make sail straight to the front of the battle and shall pass through them, and so shall make a short return to the midwards as they may, and they [are] to have a special regard to the course of the second rank ; which two ranks is appointed to lay aboard the principal ships of the enemy, every man choosing his mate as they may, reserving the admiral for my lord admiral.

  

  第一条阵线的船只，应当率先冲向敌阵，穿过其中，而后尽己所能短促后撤阵中，并时刻留心第二条阵线的航向；这两条阵线当攻入敌舰队主力之中，每艘船皆当匹敌交战，而将敌旗舰留与我海军上将决斗。

  That every ship of the first rank shall bear a flag of St. George’s cross upon the fore topmast for the space of the fight, which upon the king’s determination shall be on Monday, the 10th of August, anno 1545.

  作战期间，第一条阵线上的所有船只应当在前顶桅处悬挂一面圣乔治旗；依国王陛下决定，战斗时间为8月10日礼拜一。

  And every ship appointed to the middle rank shall for the space of the fight bear a flag of St. George’s cross upon her mainmast.

  每艘位于中阵线上的船只，则应当在主桅处悬挂圣乔治旗。

  And every ship of the third rank shall bear a like flag upon his mizenmast top, and every of the said wings shall have in their tops a flag of St. George.

  第三条阵线上的所有船只，当在后桅处悬挂此面旗帜；两翼的每艘船当在其桅顶悬挂。

  The victuallers shall follow the third rank and shall bear in their tops their flags. Also that neither of the said wings shall further enter into fight; but, having advantage as near anigh* as they can of the wind, shall give succour as they shall see occasion, and shall not give care to any of the small vessels to weaken our force. 

  辎重船只，应当紧随第三条阵线之后，并在桅顶处悬挂自己的旗帜。上述两翼不得更进一步加入战斗；除非尽其所能抢占风位，视情况给予帮助，且不可将注意力放在小船身上削弱我方力量。

(注：*：原文此处为“a snare a nye”，显而易见是书写错误；或许应当为“上述两翼均不当进一步加入战斗，而是尽可能保持顺风”（neither of the said wings shall further enter into the fight but as nigh as they can keeping advantage of the wind），意指不失去任何对于敌方的上风位置，而对友军给予援助”

    利勒子爵的第二份战斗条例（Lord Lisle, No. 2）[Record Office, State Papers, Henry VIII.]

    海军上将予上述舰队之命（The Orderfor the said Fleet taken by the Lord Admiral the 10th day of August, 1545）：

  1.First, it is to be considered that every of the captains with the said ships appointed by this order to the vanward, battle and wing shall ride at anchor according as they be appointed to sail by the said order ; and no ship of any of the said wards or wing shall presume to come to an anchor before the admiral of the said ward.

  首先，应当虑及，上述所有被任为前锋、本阵与侧翼的船长，都应当依据所指定启航地点锚定船只；任何前述护卫与侧翼船只，皆不可向前越过其将官的座舰进行停泊。

  

   2.That every captain of the said wards or wing shall be in everything ordered by the admiral of the same.

   护卫与侧翼船只的船长，皆当在一切事务上听从其战队将官之令。

  3.When we shall see a convenient time to fight with the enemies our vanward shall make with their vanward if they have any ; and if they be in one company, our vanward, taking the advantage of the wind, shall set upon their foremost rank, bringing them out of order ; and our vice-admiral shall seek to board their vice-admiral, and every captain shall choose his equal as near as he may.

  

  当寻得合适时机发动作战之时，若敌有前锋，则我方前锋战队与其作战；若敌合为一处整体，前锋战队则抢占风位，破入其第一道战线，使敌陷入混乱；副将应当设法与敌人的副将匹敌，而诸位船长应当尽可能择与己相当。

  4.The admiral of the wing shall be always in the wind with his whole company; and when we shall join with the enemies he shall keep still the advantage of the wind, to the intent he with his company may the better beat off the galleys from the great ships.

  侧翼的将官当率领其整支战队处于上风位处；而当本阵将与敌交战时，其则仍需占据风位，以便与其整支战队从大船之中更好的击败长船。