18年医学考博英语统考真题及答案解析阅读理解部分（一）

2023-04-04 15:07 作者:考博英语学习屋 0人读过 | 我要投稿

Part IV Reading Comprehension(30%)

Directions：In this part there are six passages， each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A， B， C and D . Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET

Passage One

When Tony Wagner， the Harvard education specialist， describes his job today， he says he’s “a translator between two hostile tribes”-the education world and the business world， the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagner’s argument in his book Creating Innovators：TheMakingofYoungPeopleWhoWillChangetheWorldisthatourK-12andcollege tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace”.

This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly no such things as a high-wage. middle-skilled job―the thing that sustained the middleclass in the last generation. Now， there is only a high-wage， high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up， out or down faster than ever That is， it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried一made obsolete―faster than ever Which is why the goal of education today， argues Wagner， should not be to make every child “college ready” but “innovation ready” 一 ready to add value to whatever they do

That is at all task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today， ”he said via e-mail， “because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device， what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate―the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life―and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge. As on executive told me， “We can teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continue to change， but we can't teach them how to think―to ask the right questions—and to take initiative.”

My generation had it easy. We got to “find” a job. But， more than ever， our kids will have to *invent “a job. Sure， the lucky ones will find their first job， but， given the pace of change today even they will have to reinvent， re-engineer and re imagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it

“Finland is one of the most innovative economies in the world， ”Wagner said， “and it is the only country where students leave high school “innovation-ready" .They learn concepts and creativity more than facts， and have a choice of many electives—all with ashore r school day， little homework， and a most no testing. There are a growing number of reinvented "colleges like the Olin College of Engineering， the M.I.T. Media Lab and the 'D-school' Stanford where students learn to innovate.”

61. In his book， Wagner argues that

A.the education world is hostile to our kids

B.the business world is hostile to those seeking jobs

C.the business world is too demanding on the education world

D.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands

62 2. What does the “tall task “refer to in the third paragraph?

A.Sustaining the middleclass.

B.Saving high-wage， middle-skilled jobs.

C.Shifting from “college ready”to“innovation ready”

D.Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast

63 What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail?

A.New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.

B.Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices

C.Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach

D.Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge

64 What is implied in the fourth paragraph?

A.Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation

B.Jobs changed slowly in the author's generation

C.The author's generation led an easier life than their kids

D.It was easy for the author's generation to find their first jobs

65 What is the purpose of the last paragraph?

A.To orient future education

B.To exemplify the necessary shift in education

C.To draw a conclusion about the shift in education

D.To criticize some colleges for their practices in education.

Part IV Reading Comprehension(30%)

Passage One

【文章大意】哈佛教育专家托尼·瓦格纳在自己的著作《创造革新者：塑造会改变世界的年轻人》中的论点是我们的K-12(从幼儿园到12年级的儿童教育)和大学教育轨道并非始终如一地“增加价值并教授就业市场上最重要的技能”。当诸如高收入的中等技能工作等日益减少时，这种教育是非常危险的。瓦格纳认为，今天教育的目标不应该让所有小孩为“上大学做好准备”，而应该为“进行创新做好准备”，即“准备去为他们所做的任何事增加价值”。

【答案详解】 61.D 推理判断题。由第一段中“Wagner's argument in his book Creating Innovators：The Making of Young People Who Will Change the World is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace”.托尼·瓦格纳在自己的著作《创造革新者：塑造会改变世界的年轻人》中的论点是我们的K-12(从幼儿园到12年级的儿童教育)和大学教育轨道并非始终如一地‘增加价值并教授就业市场上最重要的技能’。”的对应可推知Ｄ项“教育界应该教授(劳动力)市场需求的内容”正确。A项“教育界对我们孩子怀有敌意”；B 项“教育界对那些找工作的人怀有敌意”；C项“商界对教育界要求高”。

62.C 推理判断题。由第二段中“Which is why the goal of education today， argues Wagner， should not be to make every child“college ready”but“innovation ready”―ready to add value to whatever they do.瓦格纳认为，这是今天教育目标的原因，即不应该让所有小孩为‘上大学做好准备'，而应该为‘进行创新做好准备'，也就是‘准备去为他们所做的任何事增加价值'。”的对应可推知Ｃ项“从‘为上大学做好准备’转移到‘为进行创新做好准备’”正确。A项“保持中产阶级”；Ｂ项“挽救高收入的中等技能工作” D项“阻止中产阶级工作迅速地变得过时”。

63.D 推理判断题。由第三段中“The capacity to innovate―the abilty to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life ：一and s skills like critical t hiking，communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge.创新能力，即创新地解决问题或为生活带来新的可能性的能力以及像批判性思考、交流和合作一样的技能比学业知识更重要。”的对应可推知D项“创造力和技能比知识更重要” 正确。A项“新雇佣者应该被教授内容而不是思考的方式”；B项“知识在与网络连接的设备上更容易获取”；C项“学业知识仍然是最重要的教授内容”。

64.C 推理判断题。由第四段中“My generation had it easy. We got to“find"a job.But， more than ever， our kids will have to“invent"a job.我们这代人生活很舒适。我们必须“找到' 一份工作。但是超出任何时候的是我们的孩子将不得不‘创造’一份工作。”的对应可推知C项“作者这代人相比自己的孩子过着更舒适的生活”正确。A项“工作青睐每代人中的幸运儿”；Ｂ项“在作者的这一代工作缓慢地改变着”；D项“作者这一代人找到自己的首份工作是容易的”。

65.B 推理判断题。由最后一段主要针对教育目标有必要的改变进行举例(如““Finland is one of the most innovative economies in the world， ”Wagner said， “and it is the only country where students leave highschool“innovation-ready”.瓦格纳声称‘芬兰是全球最具创新的经济之一，该国也是唯一个让学生高中毕业时就为‘创新做好准备’ ' 的国家’。”) 可推知B项“例证教育方面有必要的改变”正确。A项“为未来的教育确定方向”：C 项“得出有关教育改变的结论”D项“批评一些学院在教育方面的做法”。

【长难句剖析】

1.Wagner's argument in his book Creating Innovators：The Making of Young People Who Will Change the World is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently“adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace”

【参考译文】托尼·瓦格纳在自己的著作《创造革新者：塑造会改变世界的年轻人》中的论点是我们的K-12(从幼儿园到12年级的儿童教育)和大学教育轨道并非始终如一地“增加价值并教授就业市场上最重要的技能”。【结构分析】句子主干为“Wagner's argument is that our K-12 and college tracks are no consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills”，这里that引导表语从句； “in his book Creating Innovators：The Making of Young People Who Will Change the World”为地点状语；“that matter most in the marketplace”为that引导的从句充当“the skills”的后置定语

2.This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly no such things as a high-wage middle-skilled job the thing that sustained the middleclass in the last generation.

【参考译文】当诸如高收入的中等技能工作等(即维持上一代中产阶级的东西)日益减少时，这种教育是非常危险的。【结构分析】句子主干为“This is dangerous”； “at a time when there is increasingly no such things as a high-wage， middle-ski led job”为时间状语；； “the thing”指代前面的“a high-wage middle-skilled job”； “that sustained the middleclass in the last generation”为that引导的从句充当“the thing”的后置定语。

3.The capacity to innovate the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life—and skills like critical thinking， communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge

【参考译文】创新能力，即创新地解决问题或为生活带来新的可能性的能力以及像批判性思考、交流和合作一样的技能比学业知识更重要。【结构分析】句子主干为“The capacity to innovate and skills are far more important than academic knowledge”； “the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life” 为插入语来对“The capacity to innovate”进行补充说明； “like critical thinking， communication and collaboration”相当于“skills”的后置定语

Passage Two

Skilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the diease diagnosis and management， aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined， or even replaced in some cases， by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new cap ab ties， often termed “stratified(分层的) ， ” or “personalized” medicine， are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery

Genetic medicine， which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way， has， until recently， been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a genetic component， the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working

Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect， so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians， particularly those involved in clinical research， these advances are already a reality. However， a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice， perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations， media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed， knowing one's entire genomic sequence is not the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be， and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype(鼓吹) and what is re at y for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful

Finally， both professional and the public should have a realistic view of what is possible Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms， the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them

66. Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?

A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.

B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past

C.Physical examination remains essential in fine tuning a diagnosis.

D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.

67 What， according to the second paragraph， can be said of genetic medicine?

A.It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.

B.It has been widely recognized among the physicians.

C.It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.

D.It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians

68 The future of the genomic technologies， for the most part， lies in

A.the greater potential of treating rare diseases

B.the greater efforts in the relevant clinical research

C.the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ them

D.the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals

69. In the last paragraph， the author cautions against

A.underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factors

B.unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative power

C.abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseases

D.unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics

70 0. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?

A.Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians

B.Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice

C.Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine

D.Genetic medicine is defined as “stratified”medicine

Passage Two

【文章大意】在诸如放射或生化检验等的辅助下，作为疾病诊断和管理基础的熟练记录临床病史和身体检查仍然至关重要。过去几十年的技术进步意味着这样的检验现在可以通过测量基因或基因组生物标记被完善或甚至在一些情况下被取代。(源于基因技术的)这些新的技术能力(经常被称为‘分层'或‘个性化’医疗)有可能对行医和医疗服务产生深刻的影响。

【答案详解】 66.A 细节事实题。由第一段中“These new capabilities， often termed “stratified(分层的) ， ”or “personalized” medicine， are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery. (源于基因技术的)这些新的技术能力(经常被称为‘分层’或‘个性化’医疗)有可能对行医和医疗服务产生深刻的影响。”的对应可知A项“个性化医疗将大幅改变行医”正确。B项“基因组生物标记在过去已被大幅改善”；C项“身体检查在微调诊断方面仍然重要”；D项“记录临床病史在基因时代不再重要”。

67.C 推理判断题。由第二段中“In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population， physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.为了在人群中公平地优化(基因医疗的)好处，医生和医疗服务需要做好准备去改变和适应新工作方式。”的对应可推知C项“它(即基因医疗)使医疗社区适应性的改变成为必要”正确。A项“它可以为所有遗传疾病提供解决方案”；B项“它在医生中得到广泛认可”：D项“它被一小部分专科医生垄断”。

68.C 细节事实题。由第三段中“Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect， so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties.或许，最大的挑战是确保医生愿意为了更好的效果而使用这些基因技术，，以便基因医疗成为主流医学专业的一部分。”的对应可知Ｃ项“医生做更好的准备去使用它们(基因医疗)”正确。A项“治疗罕见病的更大潜力”；B项“相关临床研究方面更大的努力”；Ｄ项“在媒体描述中对它们的好处进行更大的宣传”。

69.B 推理判断题。由最后一段中“Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms， the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low.尽管遗传(即基因)危险因素在诸如心脏病和癌症等常见病中的发现带来了有关发病机理的重要见解，但是个人遗传变异的预测能力却经常很低。”的对应可推知Ｂ项“对遗传 (即基因)预测能力的不现实期望”正确。A项“低估遗传(即基因)危险因素的重要性”；C项“在治疗常见病时滥用基因药物”：D项“生物信息学意想不到的发展” 。

70.C ：主旨大意题。由文章第一段中“These new cap abilities， often termed “stratified(分层的) ， ” or “personalized" medicine， are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery. (源于基因技术的)这些新能力(经常被称为‘分层'或‘个性化’医疗)有可能对行医和医疗服务产生深刻的影响。”提出文章中心内容“基因医疗将对医学产生重大影响”和后续段落围绕这一内容进行可推知C项“基因医疗将对医学产生重大影响”正确。A项“基因医疗应该是医生们的主流选择”；B项“基因医疗对行医构成巨大挑战”；D项“基因医疗被定义为‘分层’医疗”。

【长难句剖析】

1.Skilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management， aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests

【参考译文】在诸如放射或生化检验等的辅助下，作为疾病诊断和管理基础的熟练记录临床病史和身体检查仍然至关重要。【结构分析】句子主干为“Skilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential”； “as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management”为方式状语； “aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests”为分词短语充当“Skilled clinical h story-taking and physical examination”的后置定语。

2.These new capabilities， often termed “stratified(分层的) ， ”or “personalized” medicine， are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.

【参考译文】(源于基因技术的)这些新能力(经常被称为‘分层’或‘个性化’医疗) 有可能对行医和医疗服务产生深刻的影响。【结构分析】句子主干为“These new capabilities are likely to have profound effect”； “on the practice of medicine and service delivery”为地点状语； “often termed “stratified(分层的) ， ”or “personalized “medicine”为相当于分词短语充当“These new capabilities”的后置定语。 3.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect， so that g genetic c medicine ：is incorporated into mainstream specialties 【参考译文】或许，最大的挑战是确保医生愿意为了更好的效果而使用这些基因技术，以便基因医疗成为主流医学专业的一部分【结构分析】句子主干为“the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies”； “for maximum effect”为目的状语； “so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties”为结果状语。