Leviathan - 09

===CHAPTER XXV : OF COUNSEL建议 

How fallacious荒谬的 it is to judge of the nature of things, by the 

ordinary and inconstant无常的 use of words, appeareth in nothing more, 

than in the confusion of counsels, and commands, arising from the 

imperative必要的 manner of speaking in them both, and in many other 

occasions besides.

★infer 推断     ★deduce 推断

★discourse 讲述/演说

===CHAPTER XXVI ：OF CIVIL LAWS

★diligence 勤勉

If it be a law that obliges责成/强制 all the subjects without exception, 

and is not written, nor otherwise published in such places 

as they may take notice thereof, it is a law of nature. 

★warrant 担保

For commentaries评注 are commonly more subject to cavil吹毛求疵/苛责, 

than the text; and therefore need other commentaries; and so there 

will be no end of such interpretation. 

★★★

The things that make a good judge, or good interpreter of 

the laws, are, first, a right understanding of that principal 

law of nature called equity; 

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Secondly, contempt★蔑视 of unnecessary riches, and preferments优先. 

(蔑视不必要的财富)

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Thirdly, to be able in judgment to divest丢弃/剥去 himself of all fear, 

anger, hatred, love, and compassion. 

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Fourthly, and lastly, patience to hear; diligent勤勉的 attention in 

hearing; and memory to retain★保持, digest, and apply what he hath heard. 

Civil law is an obligation; and takes from us the liberty 

which the law of nature gave us.

Nature gave a right to every man to secure himself by his 

own strength, and to invade a suspected neighbour, by way of 

prevention: but the civil law takes away that liberty, in all cases 

where the protection of the law may be safely stayed for. 

===CHAPTER XXVII OF CRIMES, EXCUSES宽恕, AND EXTENUATIONS减刑 

Every crime is a sin; but not every sin a crime. To intend to steal, 

or kill, is a sin, though it never appear in word, or fact

When a man is destitute缺乏的 of food, or other thing necessary for 

his life, and cannot preserve himself any other way, but by some fact 

against the law; as if in a great famine he take the food by force, or 

stealth, which he cannot obtain for money, nor charity; or in defence 

of his life, snatch抢夺 away another man's sword; he is totally excused, 

for the reason next before alleged所谓的. 

The same fact done against the law, if it proceed from presumption 

of strength, riches, or friends to resist those that are to 

execute the law, is a greater crime, than if it proceed from hope of 

not being discovered, or of escape by flight