2023 高考英语语法 之三 代词篇
专题三 代词
重难点分析
代词是代替名词或代替起名词作用的短语或句子的词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、疑问代词、指示代词、相互代词和关系代词八种。代词也是高考语法填空设空的主要考点之一，需要重视。
代词类别
例词
功能
人称代词
主格
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
作主语
宾格
me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
作宾语
物主代词
形容词性
my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
作定语
名词性
mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
作主语、宾语、表语
反身代词
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
作宾语、表语、同位语
不定代词
some, any, no, either, neither, all, none, each, somebody, no one, everybody, much, many, other(s), another等
视情况而定，一般可作定语、主语、宾语等
疑问代词
what, who, whose, whom, which, whatever, whichever ,whoever, whomever等
可作主语、宾语、定语等
指示代词
this, that, these, those
作主语、宾语、定语、表语
相互代词
each other, one another
作宾语
关系代词
that, who, whom, whose, which等
连接定语从句
下面举例说明其用法，其中疑问代词见“专题12 句子种类”，关系代词见“专题13 定语从句”。
一、人称代词的用法
1. 作主语用主格，作宾语用宾格。如：
She teaches us English. 她教我们英语。
2. 在句中作表语，常用宾格，但有时用主格。如：
—Who is it? 谁呀？
—It’s me. 是我。
It was I who told him about it. 是我告诉他这件事的。(强调句型)
3. it的用法
用法说明
例句
1
作人称代词，指代前面提到的事物
This is not my book. It is mary’s. 这不是我的书，是玛莉的。
2
替代指示代词this或that
—What’s this? 这是什么？ —It’s a dictionary. 这是一本字典。
—Whose jacket is that? 那是谁的夹克？ —It is hers. 是她的。
3
指人
—Who is knocking at the door? 谁在敲门？ —It’s me. 是我。
The baby no more cried as soon as it saw its mother. 那个婴儿一看到他(她)的妈妈就不哭了。
4
指时间、距离、天气、环境等
—What’s the time now? 现在几点钟？ —It’s ten past eight. 8:10。
It’s getting colder and colder now. 现在变得越来越冷了。
It’s about ten minutes’ walk from my home to the school. 从我家到学校步行大约要十分钟。
It is very quiet at the moment. 目前很安静。
5
指代前面整个句子的内容
Our team won the football match. Have you heard about it? 我们队赢得了足球赛。你听说了吗？
6
表示“喜欢、恨”等心理方面的动词，后面跟it后再跟从句，其从句作it的同位语
I will appreciate it if you can give me a hand. 如果你能帮我一个忙，我将十分感激。
I hate it when people talk with their mouths full. 我不喜欢人们满嘴是食物的时候说话。
I like it in autumn when the weather is clear and bright. 我喜欢秋天，那时候的天气晴朗。
7
(未指明但谈话双方心里都明白的)那件事、那种情况
How is it (=your life/your work) going? 情况怎样？
—Do you like it here? 你喜欢这里吗？
—Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice. 哦，当然。这里的空气、天气、生活方式——一切都是这么美好。
8
It还可用作形式主语、形式宾语以代替主语从句、宾语从句、不定式短语、动名词短语等
It’s impossible to get there in time. 及时到达那儿是不可能的。
I find it strange that she doesn’t want to go. 我发现她不想去，真奇怪。
二、物主代词的用法
1. 形容词性物主代词——作定语
This is our classroom. 这是我们的教室。
His father is an engineer. 他父亲是位工程师。
2. 名词性物主代词
所作成分
例句
主语
This is her coat. Mine is over there. 这是她的上衣，我的在那边。
宾语
Something has gone wrong with my bike. May I use yours? 我的自行车出了点毛病，我能用你的吗？
表语
This book isn’t mine; it’s Tom’s. 这本书不是我的，是汤姆的。
注意：(1) 英语中必须有形容词性物主代词，而汉语中往往省略不译。如：
Jack took off his coat and went to bed. 杰克脱掉外套就上床睡觉了。
(2) “of+名词性物主代词”可用作定语。如：
Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party. 我的一些朋友将出席我的生日聚会。
三、反身代词的用法
所作成分
例句
1
宾语
动宾
Tom taught himself Chinese. 汤姆自学汉语。
介宾
She loves me for myself, not for my money. 她喜欢的是我，不是我的钱。
2
表语
She is not quite herself today. 她今天有些不舒服。
3
同位语
I myself can repair the bike. 我自己会修自行车。
The table itself has only three legs. 这张桌子本身只有三条腿。
四、指示代词的用法
1. 时空的差别。如：
There is this seat here, near me, or there is that one in the fourth row. Which will you have, this or that? 靠近我的这个座位，还是第四排的那个座位，你选哪一个，这个还是那个？
2. this和that在行文叙述上的差别。如：
I shall say this to you: he is a poor man. 我要跟你说的是，他是一个可怜的人。
He was ill. That’s why he didn’t come. 他生病了，那就是没来的原因。
3. that和those用于表比较的结构。如：
The weather of Zhanjiang is better than that of my hometown. 湛江的天气比我家乡的好。
TV sets made in Nanjing are better than those made here. 南京生产的电视机比在这里生产的电视机好。
4. 在打电话时，通常用 this 指自己，用 that 指对方。如：
Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂，我是吉姆，你是约翰吗?
五、不定代词的用法
可数
one, each, many, both, another, either, neither, (a) few
不可数
much, (a) little
可数/不可数
none, any, other, all, some
复合不定代词
anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing
1. none, no one与nothing的用法区别
(1) none既可指人，也可指物，且一定是特定概念，常用来回答how many/much引导的疑问句；no one只能指人，且只能是泛指概念，常用来回答who引导的疑问句；nothing“什么也没有”，否定一切，常用来回答what引导的疑问句。如：
—How many people are there in the room now? 现在房间里有多少人？ —None. 一个人都没有。
—Who is in the room? 谁在房间里？ —No one / Nobody. 没有人。
—What’s in your schoolbag? 你书包有啥呢？ —Nothing. 啥都没有。
(2) none后面可加of引导的介词短语，而something / anything / everything / nothing / someone / anyone / everyone / no one却不能。如：
It is none of my business! 这不关我事。
2. each与every的用法区别
(1) each强调“个体”，具有代词和形容词的作用；every强调“全体”，只能作定语。each作同位语时，不影响谓语动词的数。不可用not each来表示部分否定，而用not every表示部分否定。如：
The tickets each cost ten dollars. 这些票每张要10美元。(each作同位语)
(2) every还可表示“每……的、每……中的”，下列说法中只能用every：
every year or two 每一两年
every now and then 时常
every other day 每隔一天
one car to every 20 people 每20人乘一辆车
Choose one out of every ten boys. 每10个男孩中选一个。
3. another, other, the other, others与the others的用法区别
不定代词
意义
用法说明
another
再一个，另一个
指同类事物中的另一个，用作代词或形容词。如：I don’t like this coat. Show me another, please.
other
另外的
只作定语，常与复数名词或不可数名词连用；但如果前面有the, this, that, some, any, each, every, no, one以及my, your, his等时，则可与单数名词连用。如：any other plant, every other day
the other
两者中的另一个
常与one连用，构成one…the other… 一个……另一个……；作定语修饰复数名词时，表示“全部其余的”
others
泛指别的人或物
是other的复数形式，泛指别的人或物(但不是全部)，不能作定语，构成some…others… 一些……另一些……
the others
特指其余的人或物
是the other的复数形式，特指其余的人或物
4. both, all, either, any, neither与none的用法区别
都
任何
都不
两者
both
either
neither
两者(以上)
all
any
none
如：
I had to buy all these books because I didn’t know which one was the best. 我不得不把这些书都买下来，因为我不知道哪一本最好。
It is easy to do the repair. All you need is a hammer and some nails. 做这个修理工作很容易你所需要的是一把锤子和一些钉子。
I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but neither of them came. 我邀请乔和琳达吃晚饭，但是他们两个一个都没来。
—Which of the three ways shall take to the village? 三条路中哪一条通往那个村子？
—Any way as you please. 任何一条都可以。
We had three sets of the garden tools but we seemed to have no use for any. 我们有三套园艺工具，但是我们没有怎么使用它们。
5. one, ones, the one, the ones, that与those的用法区别
one用来替代前面出现的单数名词，是泛指概念，相当于“a/an+单数名词”；ones用来替代前面出现的复数名词，有时可用that代替(尤其在有后置定语的情况下)；the ones用来替代前面特指的复数名词，有时可用those代替(尤其在有后置定语的情况下)；that用来替代前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词，相当于“the+单数/不可数名词”。如：
Mr. Zhang gave me a very valuable present, one (=a present) that I have never seen. 张先生给了我一件十分珍贵的礼物，这件礼物是我从未见过的。
Mr. Zhang gave me many valuable presents, ones (=many presents) that I have never seen. 张先生给了我许多珍贵的礼物，它们是我从未见过的。
The book on the desk is better than that/the one under the desk. 桌子上的那本书比桌子下的那本好。
The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk. 桌子上的那些书比桌子下的那些好。
考点练透
一、单句填空 用适当的代词填空，使其意思和结构完整。
1. We couldn’t eat in a restaurant because ________ of us had ________ money on us.
2. I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have ________.
3. Although he is wealthy, he spends ________ on clothes.
4. —Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?
—I am afraid ________ day is possible.
5. If you want to change for a double room, you will have to pay ________ 15 dollars.
6. —Shall I sit at this end of the boat or the other end?
—If you keep still, you can sit at ________ end.
7. These plants are watered ________ (每两天).
8. If we had followed his plan, we could have done the job better with ________ money and ________ people.
9. There are a lot of trees on ________ side of the square.
10. You will not see ________ the animals in winter.
二、完成句子 用适当的关系代词或副词填空，使其意思和结构完整。
1. The weather was very sunny the following day, ________ was what we had expected.
2. I have finished reading all the books ________ are borrowed from the school library.
3. Is this the second time ________ you have been to Guangzhou?
4. ________ is reported in the newspaper, the war between the two countries has come to a stop.
5. Can you think of another example ________ this phrase can be used?
6. The train on ________ he is traveling is late.
7. Do you still remember the happy days ________ we spent together in Beijing?
8. I have bought the same skirt ________ she is wearing.
9. Is this the reason ________ he is late again?
10. Her parents wouldn’t let her marry anyone ________ family was very poor.
11. I, ________ am your best friend, will help you out.
12. The day will come ________ the people all over the world will win liberation.
13. The students are talking about the strange people and stories ________ they met in the adventure.
14. He is the very man in ________ pocket I found my lost money.
15. I have a picture by a famous painter ________ was sent to me for my birthday.
三、语篇填空 用适当的代词填空。
One day, as Carl’s wife was going out, her child began to cry, begging to go with ____1____.
“Stay home,” the mother said to him. “When ____2____ return, we will kill a pig for ____3____ dinner!”
When she came back, ____4____ found Carl preparing to slaughter (宰杀) a pig for the child’s meal. She hurried over to stop ____5____. “What are you doing? You are not really going to kill a pig, are you?” I was just kidding him!
“How can ____6____ lie to children?” Carl replied. “____7____ learn each and ____8____ movement from ____9____ parents. If ____10____ deceive your child with lies, you are teaching the child to lie. One cannot educate children this way.”
In the end, Carl killed the pig.
四、语法填空 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
When the sun shines brightly, it provides a great chance to get outdoor 1 (thing) done. Like making hay (晾晒干草)! At least, that is 2 farmers from the past would say.
“Make hay while the sun shines.”
This idiom is very old, 3 (date) back to Medieval Times. Rain would often ruin the process 4 making hay. So farmers had no choice but 5 (make) hay when the sun was shining.
Today, we all use this idiom, not just farmers. When conditions 6 (be) perfect to get something done, we can say, “ 7 is a good idea to make hay while the sun shines.” And sometimes we use this 8 (express) to mean we beat someone to the punch, or we got ahead of someone else.
In other words, you are taking advantage of a good situation or of good conditions. You are making the most of your opportunities.
You should know that sometimes we only use parts of this expression. You might hear someone 9 (simple) say they were “making a little hay.” 10 meaning is still there, even if all the words aren’t.
参考答案 考点练透
一、单句填空
1. none; any 2. one 3. little 4. neither 5. another 6. either 7. every other day 8. less; fewer 9. every 10. all
二、完成句子
1. which 2. that 3. that 4. As 5. where 6. which 7. that/which 8. as 9. why 10. whose 11. who 12. when 13. that 14. whose 15. that/which
三、语篇填空
1. her 2. I 3. your 4. she 5. him 6. we 7. They 8. every 9. their 10. you
四、语法填空
本文主要介绍了习语“Make hay while the sun shines”的由来及其含义。
1. things 考查名词单复数。thing是可数名词，且前面没有任何限定词，故用复数形式。
2. what 考查连词。引导表语从句且作say的宾语，应填what。
3. dating 考查非谓语动词。因句中已有谓语动词is，且idiom与date是主动关系，故用v-ing形式。注意：date back to通常不用于被动。
4. of 考查介词。the process of 表示“……的过程”。
5. to make 考查非谓语动词。因have no choice but to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“除了做某事以外，别无选择”。
6. are 考查主谓一致。因段首有today，可知是用一般现在时，且主语是conditions，故填are。
7. It 考查代词。此处it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式。注意：在英语中只有it能作形式主语和形式宾语。
8. expression 考查词性转换。由空格前的this可知，此处填名词。
9. simply 考查词性转换。修饰动词say作状语，应用副词。
10. The 考查冠词。此处特指这个习语的意思，故填The。
