【非谓语动词】用法指南！动名词？分词？还是不定式？
七七 | 非谓语作定语与状语
1️⃣定语
- 修饰和限定名词
- “…的"
即将被讨论的问题
- a question to be discussed
游动池
- a swimming pool
正在池里游动的男孩
- a boy swimming in the pool
落叶
- fallen leaves
动名词还是现在分词，这是一个问题
名词是否主动发出这个动作！
动名词：功能 / 用途
一个游动池
- a swimming pool = a pool for swimming
一个会议室
- a meeting room = a room for meeting
现在分词：所处状态
正在池里游动的男孩
- a boy swimming in the pool = a boy who is swimming
a moving van = a van which is moving
- 一辆正在移动的货车
a moving van = a van for moving
- 搬家货车
running water = water which is running
- 自来水，活水
发出 / 承受动作所处的状态
正在进行：现在分词
- 正在做：doing
- 正在被做：being done
已完成：过去分词
- 已完成、被动：done
- 已完成（vi. 无被动）：done
一个正在玩游戏的男孩
- a boy playing computer games
那个正在被监视的男孩
- the boy being watched by a teacher
一个建于70年代的房子
- a house built in the 1970s
落叶
- fallen leaves
不定式
未完成
- 将来做︰to do
- 将来被做∶to be done
即将抵达的火车
- a train to arrive
一个明天要开展的会议
- a meeting to be held tomorrow
主动还是被动，这是一个问题
不定式to do作定语，如果句子里有人，许且是to do的动作发出者，用主动形式即可。
- l have a letter to write.
- l have much homework to do.
- Would you like something to drink？
不清楚动作发出者是谁，用被动语态
- l have a letter to be typed.
- 我有一封信要（被别人)打印。
带还是不带介词，这是一个问题
你可以给我带一个椅子坐吗？
- Could you bring me a chair to sit on.
你可以带给我一个坐的椅子吗？
- l sit on the chair.
当被修饰的名词是time，place，reason，way等词时，可以不带介词。
【知识链接】关系副词where = in（at which，when=on /during which …）
我们找到了一个地方住。我们找到了一个去住的地方。
We found a place to live in.
- a place = in the cave
- live in the cave
不定时做主语
被修饰名词前有序数词、最高级、the very/only、any/no/all等限定词或是不定代词时，只能用不定式。
【知识链接】当定语从句先行词被形容词最高级、序数词、the only/the very、anything/ something等不定代词…修饰时，关系代词只能用that不能用which。
- She was always the first to come and the last to leave.
- He was the best man to do the job.
- Do you have anything to say？
被修饰名词为ability / decision / plan / promise / chance / opportunity / right / courage等抽象名词时，只能用不定式。
- l made a plan to memorize words every day.
- Her decision to break up with me is heartbreaking.
判断方式：名词is不定式
- The plan is to memorize words every day.
- The decision is to break up with me.
非谓语充当名词的定语，作为一个修饰成分。不需要特意强调一个动作先于另一个动作发生。非谓语作定语，无需使用完成式。
2️⃣非谓语作状语
- To prevent puppy love，the teacher always arranges for beautiful girls to be his desk mate.
- Having swallowed Little Red-Cap，the wolf went to bed and slept.
- Singing "You don't know love，Fa Hai", she threw the tortoise into the river.
不定式作状语
①作目的状语
- To make himself heard，he raised his voice.
④作意料之外的结果状语
- He hurried home only to find his money stolen.
- He woke up (only) to find everybody gone.
③作形容词后的原因状语
- All of us are surprised to have been invited to the party.
- l was lucky enough to meet an outstanding teacher.
分词作状语
①时间状语
- Having swallowed Little Red-Cap, the wolf went to bed and slept.
②结果状语
- He fell from his bike, breaking his leg.
③原因状语
- Not knowing her address, l wasn't able to contact her.
伴随状语
- She stayed at home, doing nothing.
主动还是被动，这是一个问题
非谓语作状语，动作发出者（逻辑主语）一般就是句子的主语
- Seeing from the top of the mountain，I find the city more beautiful.
- Seen from the top of the mountain，the city is more beautiful.
- Seeing Mary crying，John asked her what was the matter with her.
- Seen from the top，the stadium looks like a bird nest.
- Compared with Japanese，English is easier to learn.
- Having finished his homework，Peter went out to play at once.
- Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistake.
- The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
- The time given is not enough.
- —The road being built outside the school bothers the students a lot. —Actually, we don't know when it will be completed.
- Alex hurried to her house, only to find that she had left half an hour before.
- Walking on the street, she came across her idol.
- Having spent all morning doing the experiment in the lab, John took ashort lunch break.
