Lesson 8 A famous monastery

 ·单词

monastery n.    寺院，修道院 

    ·temple n.    庙宇，寺院 

    ·mosque n.    清真寺

    ·monk n.    僧侣，修道士

    ·nun n.    修女，尼姑

    ·nunnery/convent n.    尼姑庵；女修道院

    ·church n.    教堂

    ·cathedral n.    大教堂，（主教控制的）教区总教堂

St. Bernard    圣伯纳德

    ·St. -> saint n.    圣者，圣徒

    ·St. Andrew's Road    圣安德鲁路

    ·St. Paul's Cathedral    圣保罗大教堂

    ·St. Valentine's Day    情人节

pass n.    关隘

watchdog n.    看门狗

rashly adv.    莽撞地,冒失地

    ·rash adj.    轻率的，鲁莽的

        ·a rash decision    轻率的决定

        ·Don't make rash promises.    别轻易承诺

    ·reckless adj.    鲁莽的，不计后果的；粗心大意的

        ·He was fined $100 for reckless driving.    他因鲁莽驾驶被罚款100美元

    ·impulse n.    冲动；脉冲；推动力

        ·The door was open and on (an) impulse she went inside.    门开着，她一时心血来潮就走了进去

    ·impulsive adj.    冲动的；脉冲的

        ·She's so impulsive — she saw the house for the first time and said she'd buy it straight away.    她太冲动了——她第一次看到这房子就说她马上就买下来

            ·straight away    马上；即刻

enclosure n.    围场,圈地

    ·enclosure movement    圈地运动：指英国从18世纪中叶到19世纪初期，贵族和地主将公共耕地和草地圈起来，使农民失去了原有的土地使用权，导致了农民的破产和无家可归

    ·be enclosed by ...    被 ... 环绕

        ·The garden was completely enclosed by a high wall.    花园被一堵高墙完全围住了

        ·be surrounded by ...    被 ... 包围

            ·She said that she wanted to die surrounded by the people she loves.    她说她想死在她爱的人身边

        ·be besieged by ...    被 ... 包围 (部队，军队)

            ·Troy was besieged by Greeks.    特洛伊被希腊人围困

monk n.    和尚，僧侣

privacy n.    清静,隐居,个人自由

    ·protect/respect/invade sb.'s privacy    保护/尊重/侵犯 某人的隐私

    ·private adj.    私有的，自用的

        ·a private conversation/collector    私人 谈话/收藏家

skier n.    滑雪者

Easter n.    复活节

·课文讲解

    The Great St. Bernard Pass connects Switzerland to Italy. At 2,473 metres, it is the highest mountain pass in Europe. The famous monastery of St. Bernard, which was founded in the eleventh century, lies about a mile away. For hundreds of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous Pass. These friendly dogs, which were first brought from Asia, were used as watchdogs even in Roman times. Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, but each year the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveller is in difficulty. Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the Pass on foot.

    During the summer months, the monastery is very busy, for it is visited by thousands of people who cross the Pass in cars. As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure. In winter, however, life at the monastery is quite different. The temperature drops to -30° and very few people attempt to cross the Pass. The monks prefer winter to summer for they have more privacy. The dogs have greater freedom, too, for they are allowed to wander outside their enclosure. The only regular visitors to the monastery in winter are parties of skiers who go there at Christmas and Easter. These young people, who love the peace of the mountains, always receive a warm welcome at St. Bernard's monastery.

The Great St. Bernard Pass connects Switzerland to Italy.

    ·connect A with/to B    连接 a 和 b

        ·The Channel Tunnel has connected Britain with mainland Europe for the first time.    英吉利海峡隧道首次将英国与欧洲大陆连接起来

        ·link A with/to B    连接 a 和 b

            ·There is no evidence to link/connect him with the murder.    没有证据将他与谋杀案联系起来

        ·join A to B    连接 a 和 b

            ·The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Brooklyn to Staten Island.    由Othmar Ammann设计的Verrazano大桥连接了布鲁克林和Staten岛

        ·associate A with B    连接 a 和 b (多表示头脑中的联系)

        ·relate A to B    连接 a 和 b (多表示头脑中的联系)

            ·There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have learned to associate/relate snails with/to food.    从很小的时候起，无数的人就学会了把蜗牛和食物联系在一起

At 2,473 metres, it is the highest mountain pass in Europe.

    ·at an altitude of ...    在 … 海拔上

    ·(Being) at 2,473 meters, ...

    ·模仿造句：4807米的勃朗峰(Mont Blanc)是阿尔卑斯山脉(the Alps) 的最高峰。

        ·At 4,807 metres, Mont Blanc is the highest peak of the Alps.

    ·模仿造句：因为只有35岁，他是这所大学里最年轻的教授

        ·At the age of 35, he is the youngest professor at the university.

The famous monastery of St. Bernard, which was founded in the eleventh century, lies about a mile away.

    ·of 引出地点名称

        ·the Aegean island of Kea    爱琴海的基亚岛

        ·the promontory of Ayia lrini    阿伊亚里尼海角

        ·the tiny village of Perachora    波拉·考拉的小村庄

        ·entitled 引出报纸，小说，杂志的名字

            ·the novel entitled Three Kingdoms    小说《三国》

            ·the movie entitled Da Vinci Code    电影《达芬奇密码》

        ·named/called 引出人名

            ·the man named/called Vincent

    ·be founded in    始建于

        ·可替换为下列

            ·..., which dates from the 11th century, …    可以追溯到11世纪

            ·..., which dates back to the 11th century, …    可以追溯到11世纪

            ·..., which can be traced back to the 11th century, …    可以追溯到11世纪

    ·lies v.    躺卧 (位于)

For hundreds of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous Pass.

    ·cross + 宾语 + 方式状语

        ·cross the pass on foot    徒步穿越山口

        ·cross the pass in cars    驾车穿过山口

        ·另一种表达：across prep.    横过，穿过

            ·动词 + across + 宾语

            ·They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and tins of beer and rowed for a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island.    他们迅速把食物、火柴和啤酒罐头装进一只小橡皮艇，在加勒比海划了几英里，直到到达一个小小的珊瑚岛

            ·In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of £1000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel.    1908年，诺斯克利夫勋爵悬赏1000英镑，奖励第一个飞越英吉利海峡的人 

            ·cross the pass on foot = walk across the pass

            ·cross the pass in cars = drive across the pass

            ·row across the Caribbean = cross the Caribbean by boat

These friendly dogs, which were first brought from Asia, were used as watchdogs even in Roman times.

    ·friendly adj.    亲切的，友善的

        ·environment-friendly adj.    有利环境的

        ·ozone-friendly adj.    不破坏臭氧层的

    ·bring ... from ...    从 ... 带来 ...

        ·introduce ... from ...    从 … 引进 …

            ·The grey squirrel was introduced into Britain from North America.    灰松鼠是从北美引入英国的

            ·In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit.    在澳大利亚定居的早期，有进取心的定居者不明智地引进了欧洲兔子

    ·be used as ...    被用作

        ·可替换为：act/serve/function as ...

            ·act/serve/function as watchdogs even in Roman times.

Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, but each year the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveller is in difficulty.

    ·Now that conj.    既然，由于，同时表示时间和原因。引出原因状语从句，后面跟现在时

        ·Now (that) you are a big boy you must behave better.    现在你已经是一个大男孩，你必须表现得更好

    ·tunnel n.    隧道，地道

        ·canal n.    运河

            ·the Panama Canal    巴拿马运河

    ·whenever    无论何时，无论什么情况；每当。引出让步状语从句

        ·温故：疑问词 + ever 的含义

            ·1.表示“到底……”引导疑问句。

                ·'Whatever are you doing up here Bill?' asked the vicar in surprise.    “比尔，你在上面干什么?”牧师吃惊地问。

            ·2.表示“无论……”引导让步状语从句 = no matter+ 疑问词

                ·Wherever/No matter where it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.    无论它走到哪里，都会留下一串死鹿和死兔子之类的小动物

        ·知新：“疑问词 + ever” 表示 “无论” 时，可以用于名词性从句，此时 ≠ “no matter + 疑问词”，因为后者只能用于让步状语从句。

            ·Whoever wants to sign up for the course is welcome.    √。欢迎任何想报名参加这门课程的人。    Whoerer 引导主语从句

            ·No matter who wants to sign up for the course is welcome.    x。无论谁想报名参加这门课程都是欢迎的。    No mattr + 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句，所以本句话里没有主语。

                ·No matter who wants to sign up for the course, he is welcome.    √。无论谁想报名参加这门课程，他都欢迎

            ·Whatever project he works on is always successful.    他做的任何项目都是成功的

                ·No matter what project he works on, it is always successful.    不管他做什么项目，总是成功的

Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the Pass on foot.

    ·attempt to do sth.    试图做某事

        ·try to do sth.    尝试做某事

        ·make an attempt to do sth.    试图做某事

        ·make an effort to do sth.    努力做某事

        ·seek to do sth. (fml.)    试图做某事

            ·But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task.    但是，试图重建遥远的过去的历史学家总是面临着一项艰巨的任务

            ·I made an attempt to apologize, but Brian wouldn't even talk to me.    我试着向他道歉，但布莱恩根本不跟我说话

            ·Over a year passed before the first attempt was made.    一年多以后才进行了第一次尝试

            ·It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed.    看来，人类在了解季节方面所做的真正努力比人们认为的要早2万年

            ·... if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning.    总而言之，如果美有某种意义，我们就不应该试图去解释它的意义

During the summer months, the monastery is very busy, for it is visited by thousands of people who cross the Pass in cars.

    ·in cars = by car

        ·表示“使用某种交通工具”的介词短语，“by”后要直接加单数名词;“in”后的名词要有人称和数的变化。

        ·You can go to the airport in my car.    你可以坐我的车去机场

        ·We crossed the river in a boat.    我们坐船过河

As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure.

    ·about (英) = around (美) adv.    周围

    ·As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be ... 可改为独立主格：(With) so many people (being) about, the dogs have to be ...

    ·keep： confine 把……关起来

        ·He was kept/confined in prison.    他被关在监狱里

        ·You shouldn't keep/confine the bird in a cage.    你不应该把鸟关在笼子里

In winter, however, life at the monastery is quite different.

    ·at 的，在修道院的生活，不能用 of，因为 life 不是 monastery 的东西

        ·life on a desert island    荒岛上的生活

        ·life in the army    军队生活

        ·life on campus    校园生活

    ·quite adv. completely 完全，截然

        ·The other side of the picture is quite the opposite.    而另一方面则截然相反

        ·He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley.    他白天睡觉，晚上工作，完全没有意识到他已经成了恩得利的幽灵

        ·Long car journeys are even less pleasant, for it is quite impossible even to read.    长途汽车旅行就更不愉快了，因为甚至连阅读都是完全不可能的

        ·We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths.    我们生活在恐惧之中，不仅害怕像蜘蛛或黄蜂这样令人讨厌的昆虫，而且害怕像飞蛾这样完全无害的昆虫

        ·No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; ...    没有两种鸟的飞行方式是完全相同的

The temperature drops to -30° and very few people attempt to cross the Pass.

    ·drop v.    变弱；减少

        ·fall v.    减少

            ·The temperature falls to -30°    气温降至零下30度

            ·Little by little the eleven minutes fell to zero.    慢慢地，十一分钟减到了零

        ·plunge v.    暴跌；骤降；突降

            ·The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged into the icy water.

            ·The temperature plunges to -30°    气温骤降至零下30度

        ·dive to ...    跳入水中，潜至

        ·increase to ...    上升

        ·rise to ...    上升

        ·rocket to ...    暴涨

        ·soar to ...    暴涨

        ·to 与 by 的区别

            ·to 表示下降到了一个数值，by 表示下降了多少，还剩多少不知道

            ·The temperature drops by 10°    气温下降了10度

    · -30°

        ·minus 30 degrees    负/零下 30度

        ·30 degrees below zero    零下30度

        · -30° C

            ·minus 30 degrees Centigrade/Celsius    摄氏零下30度

        · -30° F

            ·minus 30 degrees Fahrenheit    零下30华氏度

 The monks prefer winter to summer for they have more privacy.

    ·prefer A to B    宁愿选 A 而不选 B 

        ·I prefer mutton to beef.    比起牛肉我更喜欢羊肉

        ·prefer doing to doing    比起B更喜欢做A

            ·I prefer standing to sitting down.    我喜欢站着不喜欢坐着

            ·W: Didn't Marian go shopping with you yesterday?    玛丽安昨天不是和你一起去购物了吗

            ·M: Even if she hadn't had a lot of studying, she would have preferred staying home to going shopping.    即使她没有很多功课，她也宁愿呆在家里而不愿去购物

        ·prefer A rather than B    我喜欢A而不喜欢B

            ·I prefer mutton rather than beef.

        ·prefer to do rather than do    我喜欢做A而不喜欢做B

            ·I prefer to stand rather than sit down.    我宁愿站着也不愿坐着

        ·would rather do than do    两个事我都不喜欢，比起B我更愿意去做A

            ·I'd rather stand than sit down.    我宁愿站着也不愿坐着

            ·... people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.    人们宁愿付大笔的钱也不愿毕生的心血被歹徒毁掉

            ·M: It says here the next train is due in at 6:30.    这上面说下一班火车将在六点半到达

            ·W: I know, but I don’t know whether l can make that one. I’d rather call you from the station than have you waiting around for an hour.    我知道，但我不知道我能不能做到。我宁愿在车站给你打电话，也不愿让你在这儿等一个小时

The dogs have greater freedom, too, for they are allowed to wander outside their enclosure.

    ·allow sb. to do    允许某人做某事

        ·permit sb. to do    允许某人做某事

        ·give sb. permission to do    允许某人做某事

    ·wander：to walk aimlessly = roam    漫无目的地闲逛

The only regular visitors to the monastery in winter are parties of skiers who go there at Christmas and Easter.

    ·regular visitors    常客 (书面语)

        ·regular n.    常客 (口语)

            ·He is one of our restaurant's regulars.    他是我们餐馆的常客之一

                ·What'll it be?    点什么？(菜，饭)

                ·The usual, please.    老样子

    ·party n.    同行者 (共同目的的一群人)

        ·a party of tourists    一群游客

        ·a search party    搜索队

        ·a rescue party    救援队

        ·After being absent from The Gables for a week, my aunt unexpectedly returned one afternoon with a party of guests and instructed Bessie to prepare dinner.    姑妈离开“山墙庄园”已有一个星期了。一天下午，她突然带着一群客人回来了，吩咐贝茜准备晚饭。

        ·表示一群：group/bunch/crowd/band

            ·Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in ltaly with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence.    600年前，约翰·霍克伍德爵士带着一队士兵来到意大利，在佛罗伦萨附近定居下来

        ·team n.    队，小组

        ·gang n.    帮派，团伙

        ·delegation n.    代表团

        ·galaxy n.    群英，人才荟萃

            ·a galaxy of artists/scientists    一群 艺术家/科学家

    ·at 在节日期间，on 在节日当天

        ·on Christmas Day    圣诞节当天

        ·on Easter Day    复活节

        ·on weekends    在周末 (美)

        ·at weekends    在周末 (英)

These young people, who love the peace of the mountains, always receive a warm welcome at St. Bernard's monastery.

    ·receive a warm welcome    地道英语表达

        ·..., are always warmly welcomed ...    中文表达

        ·Let's all extend a warm welcome to our visitors.    让我们全体向来宾表示热烈的欢迎

    ·receive + n.    受到 ...; 得到 ...；遭到 ...

        ·No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail.    没有一种生物像普通的蜗牛一样受到如此多的赞美和辱骂

        ·receive insults    受到侮辱

        ·receive support    得到支持

        ·receive adequate treatment    受到充分的治疗

        ·receive good education    受到良好的教育

        ·This exhibition received a great deal of attention in the press, ...    这次展览受到新闻界的极大关注