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别硬算,快试根(2018课标Ⅰ(文)导数)

2022-09-28 12:39 作者:数学老顽童  | 我要投稿

(2018课标Ⅰ文,21)已知函数f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3Da%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%5Ex-%5Cln%20%20x-1.

(1)设x%3D2是函数f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20的极值点,求a,并求f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)的单调区间;

(2)证明:当a%5Cgeqslant%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%7D时,f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Cgeqslant%200.

解:(1)f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3Da%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%5Ex-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D

由题可知f'%5Cleft(%202%20%5Cright)%20%3Da%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%5E2-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%3D0

解得a%3D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%5E2%7D%7D.

所以f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%5E2%7D%5Ccdot%20%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%5Ex-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D

易知f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%20%5Cnearrow%20%7D

f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20仅有唯一零点%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bx%3D2%7D.

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%200%2C2%20%5Cright)%20%7Df'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C0f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Csearrow%20%7D

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%202%2C%2B%5Cinfty%20%5Cright)%20%7Df'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3E0f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cnearrow%20%7D.

(2)当a%5Cgeqslant%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%7D

f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cgeqslant%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%7D%7D%5Ccdot%20%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%5Ex-%5Cln%20%20x-1

欲证f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Cgeqslant%200

只需证%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%7D%5Ccdot%20%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%5Ex-%5Cln%20%20x-1%5Cgeqslant%200%7D.

g%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%7D%5Ccdot%20%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%5Ex-%5Cln%20%20x-1

g'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%7D%5Ccdot%20%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%5Ex-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D

易知g'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cnearrow%20%7D

注意到%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bg'%5Cleft(%201%20%5Cright)%20%3D0%7D,所以

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%200%2C1%20%5Cright)%20%7Dg'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C0g%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%20%5Csearrow%7D%20

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%201%2C%2B%5Cinfty%20%5Cright)%20%7Dg'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3E0g%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cnearrow%20%7D.

%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bg%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20_%7B%5Cmin%7D%7D%3Dg%5Cleft(%201%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%3D0%7D

从而g%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Cgeqslant%200,证毕.

题外话:本题来源于下面这个显然的事实:


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