【考古】卓尔的来源

明天晚上看直播，周日更新视频。因为视频内容有点多，所以把这个放出来当个预热了。

Wikipedia Drow

 

Drow或黑暗精灵是龙与地下城游戏中的一个普遍邪恶、黑皮白发的精灵亚种。

 

历史

“drow”这个词来自苏格兰的奥克尼和设得兰方言，是“trow”的替代形式，与“troll”同源。《牛津英语词典》中没有“drow”的条目，但在“trow”的引文中，有两条将“drow”作为“trow”的替代。Trow/Drow被用来指代各种各样的邪恶精灵。除了“黑暗精灵”的基本概念外，关于龙与地下城中的卓尔精灵的所有内容都是由龙与地下城的合作创造者，加里·吉盖克斯创作而成。然而，在《散文埃达》中，斯诺里·斯图卢森写到了黑暗精灵：“...黑暗精灵却生活在地面以下。...而这些黑暗精灵皮肤比沥青还要黑。”

加里表示：“我记得Keightley的《妖精神话》中提到了Drow（也可能是《秘密联邦》——这两本书现在都不在我手边，反正也不是那么重要），而作为天性邪恶的黑暗精灵，他们是创造一个特别为AD&D游戏设计的全新独特文化的理想基础。”“Drow”这个用法在加里提及的这两本作品中都没有出现。加里之后表示，他在《Funk & Wagnall’s Unexpurgated Dictionary》的列表中找到了这个词，而且没有其他来源。“我想要一个最不同寻常的种族作为幽暗地域中的主要势力，所以用这本字典中的’黑暗精灵’内容来创造这些卓尔精灵。”似乎没有以此为题的作品。但是，可以在《Funk & Wagnall’s Standard Dictionary of the English Language》的简略版，例如《The Desk Standard Dictionary of the English Language》，中找到下列内容：“[苏格兰] 在民间传说中，某个象征着熟练金属匠人的地下精灵种族。和TROLL相似。[TROLL的变体] trow”

 

D&D Lore Wiki Drow

 

创意来源

根据加里·吉盖克斯的说法，他在一本老字典中找到了“drow”这个词，并由此创造出了卓尔精灵这个种族。加里指的字典可能是诸如《Funks & Wagnall’s Standard Dictionary》(1916)之类的字典，其中对drow的定义为：

[苏格兰] 在民间传说中，某个象征着熟练金属匠人的地下精灵种族。和TROLL相似。[TROLL的变体] trow

相反的是，这本字典将trow描述为troll的同义词，并将troll定义为“民间传说中的巨人；也指调皮的矮人”。“Trow”出现在《Denham Tracts》(1885)的一份民间传说中的奇幻生物列表中，这份列表还包括了霍比特人，但这些名字只是在书中有提及而没有详细描述。“Drow”这个拼写最早出现在1830年，沃尔特·斯科特爵士将其定义为奥卡迪亚和设得兰群岛神话中的一种生物，与“矮人”或“妖精”同义。

“暗精灵”和“黑精灵”这两个名字都来源于北欧神话，一些学者推测它们是dvergar和dwarves的同义词。在散文埃达中，dökkálfar，暗精灵被描述为生活在地下，像沥青一样黑的种族，而svartálfar，黑精灵被描述为制造出色魔法神器的种族。这两个特征似乎都影响到了加里的卓尔精灵设计。

 

Drow的正确发音

[1] 龙杂志第93期：Drow——读音应该为drow，或是dro

[2] 龙杂志第142期：Drow的韵尾和Cow押韵。

[3] 龙与地下城FAQ：DRAU（和drowsy一样；韵尾和Now及How押韵）。

 

Drow这个词的起源

[1] 这种超自然智慧的拥有者仍然被奥卡迪岛和设得兰群岛的当地人归咎于被称为Drows的人们，他们是duergar和dwarves的变种，而且在其他大多数方面，他们可以和喀里多尼亚的妖精们相提并论。卢卡斯·雅各布森·德贝斯在1670年3月12日在托尔沙文对Feroe的描述中，用了很长一章来描述那些扰乱他的教众的幽灵，有时还会掳走他的教众。他说造成这些骚乱的生物是Skow或Biergen-Trold，意即森林和山脉的精魂，有时被称为地下居民，并补充道，他们出没在深洞和可怖的岩石中；还有，他们在发生过谋杀或其他致命罪行的地方出没。他们似乎是真正的北方矮人，或Trows，Trollds的另一种表达。被尊敬的作者认为是比真正的邪魔毫不了多少的东西。

[2] 在1895年出版的《The Denham Tracts》一书中则提到了，“Trows, a class of spirits”。

[3] 再往后，就是加里·吉盖克斯先生提到自己的灵感来源了，来自于《Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend》一书中提到下列内容：

Troll，斯堪的纳维亚民间传说中的一种超自然生物，最初被描述为体型巨大，但后来，特别是在瑞典和丹麦，被认为是居住在山洞和山脉中的dwarfish。这些dwarfish也像德国的dwarf一样，是出色且技艺娴熟的工匠。在斯堪的纳维亚的民间故事中，trolls通常是体型巨大的食人魔，具有典型食人魔的强大力量和轻度弱智。它们生活在城堡中，看守着宝藏，在黑暗的森林中狩猎，如果照射到阳光就会爆裂开来。在设得兰群岛和奥克尼岛，这个词以trow的形式存在。Drow被认为是对人类不利的，并且与山脉和海洋密切相关。任何看到Drow的渔民都会感到恐惧。

[4] 最后就是家里本人的说法了，在龙杂志第31期中，加里表示Drow这个词来自于凯特利的《精灵神话》或是《秘密联盟》这两本书，但并不确定，事实上这两本书中都没有Drow这个词的出现。他认为Drow作为天性邪恶的黑暗精灵，他们是创造一个特别为AD&D游戏设计的全新独特文化的理想基础。事实上，这个角色可以成为玩家可选角色，前提是扮演Drow和半Drow要在白天活动时会受到一定惩罚。

[5] 不过加里在2007年于enworld论坛上修改了这个观点的来源，他表示Drow是来自《Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend》书中的一个表格，而非其他来源。他想要创造一个不同寻常的种族来作为幽暗地域中的主要势力，所以用字典中关于“暗精灵”的部分创造了卓尔精灵。（而且没有一个卓尔精灵有鱼尾纹。）

[6] 而在Aardy R. DeVarque整理的D&D文学起源一文中，则表示Drow的起源为：

Trow——日耳曼的民间传说包括光精灵（善良）和暗精灵（邪恶）。Drow这个词则起源于苏格兰，是“Tro”的替代形式，与“troll”同音。Trow/Drow被用来指代各种各样的邪恶精灵。除了“暗精灵”这个基本概念外，关于Drow的其他一切显然都是TSR的作家们创造出来的。

原文资料

[1] Drow: DRAU (as in drowsy; rhymes with now and how) —— Dungeons & Dragons FAQ

Source: http://www.wizards.com/dnd/DnDArchives_FAQ.asp

 

[2] - How do you pronounce “drow”? – A: It rhymes with “cow.” —— Dragon #142 “Sage Advice” P 70

Source: Dragon #142

 

[3] Drow (M) ................. drow, or dro —— Dragon#93 “Ay prounseeAYshun gyd” P26

Source: Dragon #93

 

[4] troll A supernatural being of Scandinavian folklore, originally gigantic, but later, especially in Sweden and Denmark, conceived of as dwarfish and inhabiting caves and hills. These too, like the German dwarfs, were wonderful and skilful craftsmen. In Scandinavian folktale the trolls are usually huge ogres with the great strength and little wit of the typical ogre. They live in castles, guard treasure, hunt in dark forests, and burst if the sun shines on their faces. In the Shetland and Orkney islands the word survives as trow. Trows are regarded as inimical to mankind and are as closely associated with the sea as with the hills. Terror seizes any fisherman who sees a trow. —— Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend, P 1126

Source: Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend, 1916

 

[5] Individuals, whose lives had been engaged in intrigues of politics or stratagems of war, were sometimes surreptitiously carried off to Fairyland; as Alison Pearson, the sorceress who cured Archbishop Adamson, averred that she had recognised in the Fairy court the celebrated Secretary Lethington and the old Knight of Buccleuch, the one of whom had been the most busy politician, the other one of the most unwearied partisans of Queen Mary, during the reign of that unfortunate queen. Upon the whole, persons carried off by sudden death were usually suspected of having fallen into the hands of the fairies, and unless redeemed from their power, which it was not always safe to attempt, were doomed to conclude their lives with them. We must not omit to state that those who had an intimate communication with these spirits, while they were yet inhabitants of middle earth, were most apt to be seized upon and carried off to Elfland before their death.

The reason assigned for this kidnapping of the human race, so peculiar to the elfin people, is said to be that they were under a necessity of paying to the infernal regions a yearly tribute out of their population, which they were willing to defray by delivering up to the prince of these regions the children of the human race, rather than their own. From this it must be inferred, that they have offspring among themselves, as it is said by some authorities, and particularly by Mr. Kirke, the minister of Aberfoyle. He indeed adds that, after a certain length of life, these spirits are subject to the universal lot of mortality—a position, however, which has been controverted, and is scarcely reconcilable to that which holds them amenable to pay a tax to hell, which infers existence as eternal as the fire which is not quenched. The opinions on the subject of the fairy people here expressed, are such as are entertained in the Highlands and some remote quarters of the Lowlands of Scotland. We know, from the lively and entertaining legends published by Mr. Crofton Croker—which, though in most cases told with the wit of the editor and the humour of his country, contain points of curious antiquarian information—that the opinions of the Irish are conformable to the account we have given of the general creed of the Celtic nations respecting elves. If the Irish elves are anywise distinguished from those of Britain, it seems to be by their disposition to divide into factions and fight among themselves—a pugnacity characteristic of the Green Isle. The Welsh fairies, according to John Lewis, barrister-at-law, agree in the same general attributes with those of Ireland and Britain. We must not omit the creed of the Manxmen, since we find, from the ingenious researches of Mr. Waldron, that the Isle of Man, beyond other places in Britain, was a peculiar depository of the fairy traditions, which, on the island being conquered by the Norse, became, in all probability, chequered with those of Scandinavia from a source peculiar and more direct than that by which they reached Scotland or Ireland.

Such as it was, the popular system of the Celts easily received the northern admixture of Drows and Duergar, which gave the belief, perhaps, a darker colouring than originally belonged to the British fairyland. It was from the same source also, in all probability, that additional legends were obtained of a gigantic and malignant female, the Hecate of this mythology, who rode on the storm and marshalled the rambling host of wanderers under her grim banner. This hag (in all respects the reverse of the Mab or Titania of the Celtic creed) was called Nicneven in that later system which blended the faith of the Celts and of the Goths on this subject. The great Scottish poet Dunbar has made a spirited description of this Hecate riding at the head of witches and good neighbours (fairies, namely), sorceresses and elves, indifferently, upon the ghostly eve of All-Hallow Mass.26 In Italy we hear of the hags arraying themselves under the orders of Diana (in her triple character of Hecate, doubtless) and Herodias, who were the joint leaders of their choir. But we return to the more simple fairy belief, as entertained by the Celts before they were conquered by the Saxons. —— LETTERS ON DEMONOLOGY AND WITCHCRAFT, 1830

Source: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/14461/pg14461-images.html

 

[6] In the Prose Edda, the dökkálfar, dark elves, are described as living underground, and as dark as pitch, while the svartálfar, black elves, are described as crafting excellent magical artifacts. These two traits appear to have influenced Gygax's drow. —— D&D Lore Wiki

Source: https://dungeonsdragons.fandom.com/wiki/Drow#D.26D_5th_edition

 

[7] TROW, n.1 Also  trowe , trouw. Dims. trowie, ¶trowling. Sc. (incl. Sh.) forms and usages of Eng. troll, a hobgoblin. [trʌu]     1. A mischievous sprite or fairy, a supernatural being common in Scandinavian mythology from which it passed into Sh. and Ork. folk-lore (I.Sc. 1825 Jam.; Sh. 1908 Jak. (1928); Ork. 1929 Marw.; Sh., Ork., Cai. 1973). Also attrib. They were called hill-, land-, or sea-trows acc. to their supposed haunts or abode. The water-trow is the Nyuggle or Shoupiltin, q.v.

Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20110526192047/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=11075&startset=44442733&query=TROW&fhit=trowe&dregion=entry&dtext=snd

 

[8] Trow - Teutonic folklore included both light elves (good) and dark elves (evil). The word "drow" is of Scottish origin, an alternative form of "trow", which is a cognate for "troll". Trow/drow was used to refer to a wide variety of evil sprites. Except for the basic concept of "dark elves", everything else about drow was apparently invented by TSR's writers. —— Literary Sources of D&D

Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20091027151422/http://geocities.com/rgfdfaq/sources.html

 

[9] However, in the Prose Edda, Snorri Sturluson wrote about the black elves: "... the dark elves however live down below the ground. ... while the dark elves are blacker than pitch." —— Wikipedia

Souce: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drow

 

[10] The three “D Series” modules which continue the former series owe little, if anything, to fiction. Drow are mentioned in Keightley’s THE FAIRY MYTHOLOGY, as I recall (it might have been THE SECRET COMMONWEALTH—neither book is before me, and it is not all that important anyway), and as Dark Elves of evil nature, they served as an ideal basis for the creation of a unique new mythos designed especially for AD&D. The roles the various drow are designed to play in the series are commensurate with those of prospective player characters. In fact, the race could be used for player characters, providing that appropriate penalties were levied when a drow or half-drow was in the daylight world. —— Dragon#31 “Books Are Books, and Games Are Games, and Never the Twain…”, P. 28

Source: Dragon #31

 

[11] Drow: A listing in the Funk & Wagnall's Unexpurgated Dictionary, and no other source at all. I wanted a most unusual race as the main power in the Underdark, so used the reference to "dark elves" from the dictionary to create the Drow. (And nary a one has crow's feet). —— Gary Gygax

Source: https://www.enworld.org/threads/gygaxian-monsters.208804/page-2