AP macro unit5 summary long-run consequence of stabilization
5.1 fiscal and monetary policy in the short run

Fiscal Policy
government spending,taxes
monetary policy
interest rate,reserve requirement,open market operation(buy or sell bonds)
5.2 The Phillips Curve 重点




price level的增加--inflation--竖直方向向上移动,
GDP的减少-- unemployment 增加--水平方向向右移动
shifters of short run aggregate supply:
Resource prices
Actions of government
Productivity
5.3 money and inflation
quantity theory of money:MV=PY 通常是在长期的情况下讨论 monetary policy
m 为money supply,v为money velocity,p为price level,y为real GDP
in the long run , increase money supply doesn't affect real GDP
关于这个公式的三个考点,
1. 用来计算速度
2. 理解到money supply与real GDP无关
3. notice that P x Y = Nominal GDP
5.4 government deficits and the national debt
budget deficit- 财政赤字, 花的钱比税收收来的钱多
budget surplus-税收收入比政府花的钱多
the national debt,不是国债券,是accumulation of all the budget deficits over time, 因为要为nation debt 还interest ,所以太多debt 不是一个特别好的事情
5.5 crowding out
what crowding out-
定义 the adverse effect of government borrowing on the interest-sensitive private sector spending
性质 the biggest consequence of fiscal policy
why. crowding out
when a government is in budget deficit, it typically borrows to finance its spending
consequences
in short run. crowding out leads to decreased levels of interest- sensitive privare sector spending
in long run a potential impact is a lower rate of phsical accumulation and less economic growth as a result
How.
two ways。 两种在AP考试都是得分的
1. rightward shift of demand

政府对借贷的需求增大,导致利率上涨,但是由于很多的借贷是被政府借走的,所以留给商业投资和个人的实际上只有Q1, 对于个人和普通商业投资,借贷的利率变高了,留给他们的loan总量也减少了,社会的investment spending就减少了
如果政府没有把借贷借来的钱放在infrastructure基础建设一类带来经济增长的项目上,而是拿去购买stuffs,会带来很多问题
2. decrease of supply

另一种理解方式下的图形,政府借走了更多的借贷,把这个看作是loan的supply的减少,因此画出了supply leftward shift的曲线
得到的结果是一样的, 更高的利率以及smaller的amount in loan supply。
两种变化本质是一样的,是一回事,只是分别移动了不同的曲线,逻辑上更完整,结果也是一样的
总体的investment spending的减少,会导致投入的capital and tools变少,从长期来看,会减少economic growth
5.6 economic growth

注意:由investment 增加引起的shift的情况中, LRAS 是要移动的,因为生产力增加了,总量也会增加
Consumption 短期只影响demand ,长期对两者都没有影响

human capital :不是什么工具,是skills,
5.7 public policy and economic growth
supply-side fiscal policies——government policies designed to increase production by reducing business taxes and/or regulation
在现实生活中,这些政策会变得很复杂很具争议,不会那么理想