Introduction of Psychology - 01

Reflective深思熟虑的 thinking can help  you better understand and 

remember details about an experience in the future. 

★★★SQ4R ：

1.Survey 2.Question 3.Read & Recite叙述 & Reflect反馈 & Review

==Chapter1: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Many people regard themselves as expert “people watchers” and form 

their own commonsense theories of behavior. 

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However, you may be surprised to learn how 

often self-appointed authorities and long-held commonsense 

beliefs about human behavior are wrong.

Critical thinking relies on the following basic principles :

1.Few “truths” transcend the need for logical analysis and empirical testing.

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2.Critical thinkers often wonder what it would take to show that a 

“truth” is false. 

--★Admitting you are wrong is always hard—even though it’s a skill that 

every psychologist has to learn.”

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3.Authority or claimed expertise专门知识或技能 does not automatically 

make an idea true or false.

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4.Judging the quality of evidence is crucial★重要的.

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5.Critical thinking requires an open mind.

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Carl Sagan once noted, “It seems to me that what is called for is an 

exquisite精密的 balance between two conflicting needs: the most skeptical怀疑的 

scrutiny审查 of all hypotheses that are served up to us and at the same 

time a great openness to new ideas” .

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To put these principles into action, here are some questions to ask 

as you evaluate new information：

 1. What claims断言 are being made? What are their implications含义/暗示?

 2. Are the claims understandable? Do they make logical sense? 

Is there another possible explanation? Is it a simpler 

explanation?

 3. What tests (if any) of these claims have been made? What 

was the nature and quality of the tests? Can they be repeated? 

Who did the tests? How reliable and trustworthy were the 

investigators? Do they have conflicts of interest? Do their 

findings appear to be objective? Has any other independent 

researcher duplicated the findings?

 4. How good is the evidence? (In general, scientific observations 

provide the highest quality evidence.)

 5. Finally, how much credibility can the claim be given? High, 

medium, low, provisional暂时的?