【TED演讲稿】要是建筑物不只消耗也会生产能源？

TED演讲者：Ksenia Petrichenko / 柯赛妮亚· 佩特里琴科

演讲标题：What if buildings created energy instead of consuming it? / 要是建筑物不只消耗也会生产能源？

内容概要：Buildings are bad news for the climate -- but they don't have to be. While our structures are currently responsible for a third of global energy consumption and emissions, a future where they create more energy than they consume is possible. Energy policy analyst Ksenia Petrichenko has a three-tiered strategy for thinking differently about buildings, transforming them from passive users to active players in the energy system and bringing us closer to our climate targets.

建筑物对气候来说是个坏消息——但不一定如此。虽然建筑目前占全球能源消耗和排放量的三分之一，但未来建筑产生的能源可能超过消耗的能源。能源政策分析师柯赛妮亚· 佩特里琴科提出三层战略，以不同的方式思考建筑物，让建筑从被动用户转变为能源系统中的主动参与者，从而幫助我们更接近气候目标。

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【1】Buildings are not only what they seem.

建筑物不仅是外表的样子。

【2】They aren't just inert structures to live and work in.

它们不只是我们在其中 生活和工作的不动产。

【3】They're connected to the energy system.

建筑物会连结能源系统,

【4】And this makes buildings an essential element of the efforts to decarbonize our world.

因此建筑成为实现 脱碳目标的重要因子。

【5】Today, I want to talk about changing our thinking around the role of buildings in the energy system and how they can transform to bring us closer to our climate targets.

今天,我想谈谈改变认知, 有关建筑在能源系统中的角色, 以及建筑如何转变才能 幫助我们达成气候目标。

【6】But first, I want to take you to where I grew up, in this building in a mid-sized city in Russia.

但首先,我想带你去我长大的地方, 在俄罗斯一个中等城市的这座大楼里。

【7】To me, it looked [like] just a great concrete box, like many others.

对我来说,它看起来 就像是个混凝土大箱子, 跟许多大楼一样。

【8】There are indeed numerous buildings like this across Europe and Central Asia, inherited from Soviet times.

欧洲和中亚的确有很多这样的建筑, 从苏联时代传承下来的。

【9】They were built quickly to house as many people as possible, without much consideration for their design, comfort and energy usage.

它们的建造速度很快, 要容纳尽可能多的人, 所以没有考虑太多设计、 舒适度和能源使用。

【10】This is true of many, many buildings across the world.

世界上许多建筑都是如此。

【11】Nondescript housing and office boxes, built fast and cheap, and all connected to the energy system.

不起眼的住房和办公室大楼, 建造得又快又便宜, 也都和能源系统相连。

【12】I live in Paris now, and though buildings there look much nicer, from the perspective of energy, issues are similar.

我现在住在巴黎, 虽然那里的建筑看起来好很多, 从能源的角度来看, 却有相同的问题。

【13】High energy consumption, reliance on fossil fuels and high energy costs, driven even higher by the current energy crisis.

高耗能、依赖化石燃料 和高能源价格, 在当前能源危机的推动下 甚至更加上涨。

【14】In Paris, I work with International Energy Agency, and we advise governments across the world on various energy issues.

在巴黎,我在国际能源署工作, 我们就各种能源问题 向世界各国政府提供建议。

【15】And for that, we look at data a lot.

为此,我们经常查看数据。

【16】And our data shows that at the global scale, buildings are responsible for about one third of total energy consumption and energy- and process-related carbon dioxide emissions.

我们的数据显示,在全球范围内, 建筑物约占三分之一的总能源消耗 以及跟能源和过程相关的 二氧化碳排放量。

【17】In Europe, for example, 90 percent of buildings that exist today will still be standing and in use by 2050.

例如,在欧洲,现存 90% 的建筑物 到 2050 年仍将在使用中。

【18】We are also building more new buildings.

我们也会建造更多的新建筑物。

【19】Our data shows that the global floor area is expected to increase by 75 percent by mid-century.

我们的数据显示, 到本世纪中叶,全球建筑面积 预计将增加 75%。

【20】This is equivalent to adding an area the size of Paris every week for the next 30 years.

这相当于在接下来的 30 年里 每周增加一个巴黎大小的区域。

【21】If this happens with energy consumption patterns of today, this alone will make it very difficult to achieve our climate targets.

如果这种情况伴随着 当今能源消费模式, 光这点就很难达成我们的气候目标。

【22】Fortunately, we do have solutions available to reduce direct emissions from buildings by more than 95 percent by 2050.

幸运的是,我们确实有方法 可以在 2050 年前, 将建筑物的直接排放量 减少 95% 以上。

【23】And for this, we need three things: efficiency, electrification and decarbonization.

为此,我们需要三件事: 效率、电气化和脱碳。

【24】Energy efficiency must come first.

能源效率必须放在第一位。

【25】And in buildings, it should be improved in two ways.

在建筑方面,应该 从两个方面进行改善。

【26】First, through improving energy efficiency of the building envelope with better materials, design solutions, insulation of walls, roofs, basements, energy-efficient windows.

首先,提高建筑外壳的能源效率, 使用更好的材料、设计方案、 改善墙壁、屋顶、地下室 和节能窗户的隔热。

【27】Second, through improving energy efficiency of all appliances and equipment used in building -- for space heating and cooling, water heating, lighting, cooking, working and entertainment.

其次,提高建筑裏使用的 所有电器和设备的能源效率— 暖气和冷气、热水、 照明、 烹饪、工作和娱乐。

【28】However, energy efficiency, as they say, takes a village.

然而,正如人们所知, 能源效率需要齐力而为。

【29】Many forces and interests interact during construction and renovation of a building.

在建筑物建造和整修过程中, 多方力量和利益相互影响。

【30】The developers, the owners, the regulators, the architects, the suppliers of technologies, the market itself exerting price pressure.

开发商、業主、监管者、 建筑师、 技术供应商、 加上市场本身施加价格压力。

【31】All these need to be aligned.

所有方面都需要同步齐心。

【32】And it all starts with the governments mandating minimum energy efficiency requirements through their regulation, putting the right incentives in place and providing clear information tools.

这一切始于政府,通过监管, 强制执行最低能源效率要求, 制定正确的激励措施 并提供清晰的资讯工具。

【33】Building energy codes, standards and labeling for appliances and equipment, as well as buildings, are among the most effective instruments at our disposal -- if they're enforced well and together with other supporting mechanisms.

建筑能源法规、标准和 电器、设备及建筑物的标示 都是我们可以使用的最有效工具—— 如果妥善实施,并与 其他支持机制并行。

【34】Energy efficiency in buildings also depends on us as consumers, the choices we make, buildings we decide to live in, appliances and devices we buy and the way we use them at home or our workplaces.

建筑物的能源效率 还取决于我们消费者、 我们做出的选择、 我们决定居住的建筑物、 我们购买的电器和设备、 以及我们在家裏或工作场所 使用它们的方式。

【35】So what is the result of improving energy efficiency?

那么,提高能源效率会有什么效果？

【36】Significant energy savings, reduced CO2 emissions, lower energy bills and improved comfort, productivity and health of people living in them.

显着的能源节约, 二氧化碳排放减少, 电费支出降低, 居民的舒适度、生产力和健康改善。

【37】The second thing we need is a massive shift towards electricity.

我们需要的第二件事是 大规模转向电力发电。

【38】And of course I mean clean, decarbonized electricity produced from solar, wind and other low-carbon sources.

当然,我指的是清洁的低碳电力, 由太阳、风和其他低碳能源生产。

【39】If we look at Europe, for instance, more than 40 percent of households rely on natural gas for space heating and cooking.

例如,在欧洲, 超过 40% 的家庭 依赖天然气取暖和烹饪。

【40】To complicate matters, 40 percent of all gas consumed in Europe last year was imported from Russia.

让事情复杂化的是, 去年欧洲消耗的所有天然气中 有 40% 是从俄罗斯进口的。

【41】So there is a climate imperative, but also a strong geopolitical and energy security imperative to electrify and decarbonize our buildings and make them as efficient as possible.

因此,面对迫切的气候因素, 加上地缘政治和能源安全的重要性, 我们的建筑必须达成电气化和脱碳, 并尽可能提高效率。

【42】This doesn't only mean replacing energy supply from a gas pipeline with energy supply from an electric line.

这不只是用电力线的能源供应 取代天然气管道的能源供应。

【43】And here I reach back to my opening point.

在这里,我回到我的开场白。

【44】We need to look at buildings differently.

我们需要以不同的方式看待建筑物。

【45】Not only as great concrete boxes, as I used to do, but as potential active players in the energy system.

不再是我以前认知的混凝土大箱子, 而是能源系统中潜在的主动参与者。

【46】So how can we make buildings active?

那么我们怎样才能让建筑主动参与呢？

【47】Through installing efficient and low-carbon technologies such as solar panels, heat pumps, energy storage, making use of smart and digital tools.

通过安装高效低碳技术, 如太阳能电板、 热泵、储能装置等 同时利用智慧数位工具。

【48】All technologies we already have, and in many cases their costs are decreasing.

这些技术我们都有, 在多数情况下,它们的成本正在降低。

【49】Let me introduce a word we don't often hear: “prosumer.” Think of a building not only as a consumer of energy, but as prosumer, both consuming and producing.

容我介绍一个我们不常听到的词: 产消者（prosumer）。 将建筑物不仅视为能源消费者, 也视为产消者, 既消费又生产。

【50】Most buildings can produce at least part of the energy they need.

大多数建筑物至少可以 生产所需的部分能源。

【51】In many cases, they can produce more.

许多时候,他们可以生产更多。

【52】Such buildings already exist in many parts of the world.

这样的建筑已经存在于世界各地。

【53】In Switzerland, for example, there is even a single family house that produces 800 percent of the energy it needs.

例如,在瑞士, 甚至有个家庭住宅 可以生产其所需能源的八倍。

【54】But still, we have a long way to go to make them a common practice.

但要使这样的建筑成为普遍, 我们还有很长的路要走。

【55】Besides challenges with improving energy efficiency and installing low-carbon technologies, another obstacle is that our electricity networks, or grids, as we call them, were designed to operate with large centralized sources of generation, like power plants.

除了提高能源效率和 安装低碳技术设施的挑战外, 另一个障碍是我们的电力网络, 或所谓的电网, 原先是设计跟大型集中式发电源, 如发电厂,一起运行。

【56】And their design hasn't changed much over the past century.

电网的设计在近百年没有太大变化。

【57】So increasing decentralized or distributed, smaller-scale generation, especially from variable renewable sources like solar and wind, can really put pressure on existing electricity grids and challenge their stability.

因此,增加分散式 或分布式的小规模发电, 尤其是来自太阳能和风能等 可变可再生能源的发电, 确实会给现有电网带来压力, 并考验其稳定性。

【58】So we also need to rethink the way our entire electricity system is designed.

因此,我们还需要重新思考 整个电力系统的设计方式。

【59】Smart grids can communicate to a building through software algorithms and smart controls, and, for example, send a signal to a connected device, such as your heating system, to temporarily stop or reduce energy use, or, if possible, shift it to the time when electricity is more available, cleaner or cheaper.

智慧电网可以通过软体演算法 和智慧控制与建筑物沟通, 例如,向连接的设备 （如暖气系统）发送信号, 以暂时停止或减少能源使用, 或者,如果可以,将设备转移到 电力更多、更清洁或更便宜的时段。

【60】This can really improve the robustness of the electricity network and help to avoid, for example, rolling blackouts, which are becoming more common, while consumers can get paid for it.

这可以真正提高电力网络的稳健性, 并有助于避免越来越常见的轮流停电, 同时消费者可以得到收益。

【61】If you have an electric car and you keep it plugged in for a prolonged period of time, a smart charger can help to find the best time to charge it, depending on the information from the grid.

如果你有一辆电动汽车, 并且长时间插电, 智慧充电器可以幫忙 找到最佳充电时间, 依来自电网的资讯判断。

【62】This can help save you money and support the electricity system.

这可以幫你省钱并支援电力系统。

【63】It gets even more interesting.

更有趣的是,

【64】Electric cars are essentially batteries on wheels, so they can also be used as energy storage and dispatch electricity to the home or to the grid at the time of need.

电动汽车本质上是装在轮子上的电池, 因此它们也可以用来储能, 并在需要时,将电能 输送到家庭或电网。

【65】A building itself can be used to store energy for some time, but you need to make it energy-efficient first.

建筑物本身可以用来 储存一段时间的能源, 但你需要先让它节能。

【66】Potentially you can also get paid for making your energy storage available for electricity system to store renewable electricity when there is too much of it,

当可再生电力过多时,你还可以 利用你的储能系统储电, 再卖给电力系统而获得报酬,

【67】for example, when there is a lot of sunshine or wind, but demand is not high enough to use it all.

例如,有大量阳光或风, 但需求不够高,电力用不完。

【68】It's almost like renting your spare bedroom on Airbnb, just for hosting electricity.

这几乎就像在爱彼迎上 租用你的空房, 不过是租给电力住。

【69】Now imagine a future with many, many buildings, solar panels, electric cars, energy storage, other distributed devices, drawing electricity from the grid and supplying electricity back to it.

现在想像一个未来,有很多很多建筑物、 太阳能电板、电动汽车、 储能装置和其他分布设备, 从电网中汲取电力,也回供电力。

【70】Obviously we would need a way to manage all this data efficiently and in real time, make sure that devices interact well with each other and are able to communicate to the grid and optimize electricity demand and supply for the entire system.

显然,我们需要一种方法来 高效、即时地管理所有数据, 确保设备之间的良好配合, 并能够与电网沟通, 从而优化整个系统的电力需求和供应。

【71】Virtual power plants, digital and intelligent platforms can do just that.

虚拟电厂、数位智慧平台 可以做到这一点。

【72】They can aggregate electricity consumption and production from many distributed resources, make use of local storage and manage complex interactions.

他们可以聚合来自许多 分布资源的电力消耗和生产, 利用本地存储,并管理复杂的互动。

【73】Virtual power plants can also facilitate peer-to-peer renewable electricity trading.

虚拟电厂还可以促进 点对点可再生电力的交易。

【74】Imagine that electricity that your building produced, for example, from solar panels, but you don't need at the moment, you can sell directly to another building that needs it via an online platform.

想像一下,例如,你的房子生产 来自太阳能电板的电力, 但你目前用不上, 你可以通过线上平台直接出售 给另一座需要电力的建筑物。

【75】A project like this has been running already for several years in one of the districts in Bangkok and is showing benefits to the consumers, the grid and the planet.

像这样的项目已经在曼谷的 一个地区运行了数年, 也展现对消费者、 电网和地球的好处。

【76】There are other pilot projects like this in different countries, but for them to scale, our policy frameworks and electricity market design need to undergo substantial changes.

在不同国家还有其他类似的实验计画, 但如要扩大规模, 我们的政策框架和电力市场设计 还需要进行重大改革。

【77】Our buildings need to become more efficient and grids need to evolve into smarter managers of distributed energy resources.

我们的建筑需要变得更加高效, 电网需要进化成为更具智慧的 分布式能源管理中心。

【78】It's a dramatic shift.

这是一个戏剧性的转变。

【79】It's like going from all-television world with a single broadcaster to a new, connected world where everyone can generate and share their own content.

这就像从单一广播公司的全电视时代 进入一个新的互联世界, 每个人都可以制作和分享自己的内容。

【80】Remember that building I grew up in?

还记得我长大的那栋楼吗？

【81】You might be surprised, but during winter, it would often get too hot inside the apartment, even if it was -30 outside.

您可能会感到惊讶, 在冬天,即使外面是 -30 度, 公寓内的温度经常变得太热。

【82】It was because of highly inefficient central heating system, which we couldn't control or do anything about.

这是因为中央暖气系统效率极低, 而且我们无法调控或采取任何措施。

【83】So we did this.

所以我们只好这么做。

【84】Yes. We had to open the windows to get some fresh air and more comfort.

是的。我们不得不打开窗户 以获得新鲜空气和更舒适的环境。

【85】Now I want to take you to my current flat in Paris, where I have tiny but very smart boxes attached to my electric heaters, which can automatically turn them on and off, maintaining comfortable temperatures, lowering my energy bills and providing flexibility to the grid.

现在我想带你去我目前在巴黎的公寓, 我的电热器上装有小巧的智慧控制盒, 它可以自动开关电热器, 保持舒适的温度, 降低我的电费支出并为电网提供弹性。

【86】And I can control all that on my smartphone.

这些我都可以在手机上控制。

【87】The technologies -- that we have.

我们已经有这些技术,

【88】Now we need the policies, the investments, the will -- and a new way to look at buildings not just passive users of energy, but as active players in the energy system.

现在我们需要政策、投资、意愿—— 以及一种新的方式来看待建筑,不再将建筑视为能源的被动用户, 而是能源系统中的积极参与者。

【89】Buildings that can consume and produce energy efficiently, interact with a smart grid and respond to its signals, providing flexibility and bringing us closer to our climate targets.

建筑能够高效使用及生产能源、 与智慧电网互动、回应 其讯息,提供弹性, 并幫助我们更接近气候目标。

【90】Thank you.

谢谢。

【91】(Applause)