文博复试书目带读(四) :《考古学理论、方法与实践》英文原版
今天继续给大家带来《考古学理论、方法与实践》这本书英文原版
《Archaeology:Theories,Methods and Practice》的带读。
往期合集:
文博复试书目带读(一) :《考古学理论、方法与实践》英文原版
文博复试书目带读(二) :《考古学理论、方法与实践》英文原版
文博复试书目带读(三) :《考古学理论、方法与实践》英文原版


这本书是之前复试推荐的阅读书目之一,涉及考古学的历史、理论、方法、技术和实践等方面,有很多发掘实例,书里的考古学专业名词解释的英文表达都是非常正宗的,可以积累相关词汇,非常适合复试阶段的学习。
需要这本书的同学可以进入我们的QQ交流群获取电子版资源~(在文末),高清思维导图获得方式见本文第四部分。

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导读
今天的这篇带读进入到正文部分,是本书第一编的第三章:
Where? (Survey and Excavation of Sites and Features)

第三章将关注研究过程的第二阶段,也就是关于考古学家获取证据的方法和技术,以用于检验他们的想法。
因为考古学研究的主体要靠最新田野工作采集的新材料。
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词 汇 积 累

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小 结
The first step of any archaeological excavation is the development of a research design, which consists of formulating a clear question to answer, collecting and recording evidence, processing and analyzing that evidence, and the publication of the results.
任何考古发掘的第一步都是制定一项研究设计。包括提出需要解答的明确问题,采集和记录证据,整理和分析证据,并出版研究成果。Archaeologists locate the whereabouts of sites through both ground reconnaissance and aerial survey. Ground reconnaissance can take several forms including surface survey. Surface survey involves walking across potential sites and noting concentrations of features or artifacts to gain some idea of the site’s layout. Aerial survey is done with the aid of aerial imagery, much of which is already available in libraries, collections, and on the Internet. Images taken from a kite, balloon, plane, or satellite often reveal site features that are not visible on the ground. From these images, preliminary maps and plans can be made.
考古学家通过地上勘探和空中调查来确定遗址所在的位置,地上勘探有几种方式,包括地表调查,地表调查包括步行穿越潜在的遗址,并留意遗迹或人工制品集中的地方,以获得对遗址布局的某些了解。空中调查是在航照的帮助下进行的,他们大部分可以从图书馆、许多收藏和互联网上获得。从风筝、气球、飞机或卫星上拍摄的图像往往会显示地表无法看出的遗迹,根据这些图像可制作基本的地图和平面图。
Mapping is the key to the accurate recording of most survey data. GIS (Geographic Information Systems), a collection of computer hardware and software that manages and manipulates geographic data, is one of the primary tools archaeologists use to map sites.制图是准确记录大部分调查数据的关键,地理信息系统集管理和运用地理数据的电脑硬件和软件于一身,是考古学家用来对遗址制图的基本工具。
Archaeologists employ several methods of obtaining subsurface information prior to excavation. Some of these methods are non-destructive, meaning they do not require ground to be broken during the collection of information. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), for example, uses radio pulses to detect underground features. Electrical resistivityand magnetic survey, metal detectors, as well as geochemical techniques are also used to gather information before excavation.在发掘之前,考古学家采用几种方法获取地下信息,其中一些是无损的,也即在采集信息中无需挖开地面,例如探地雷达采用无线电脉冲来探测地下的遗迹,地阻率和磁性调查、金属探测器以及地球化学技术也被用来在发掘前采集信息。
Excavation has a central role in fieldwork as it reveals human activities at a particular period in the past as well as changes in that activity over time. Stratigraphy is based on the law of superposition, namely that if one layer overlies another, the lower was deposited first. Excavation is costly and destructive and should only be undertaken if research questions cannot be answered by non-destructive survey techniques.发掘在田野工作中占有核心地位,因为它揭示人类在过去特定时期的活动以及这类活动的历时变迁,地层学立足于地层叠加的法则,如果一层覆盖在另一层之上,那么下层便沉积在先。发掘代价不菲且具破坏性,只有当无损调查方法无法解答研究问题时方可进行。
Artifacts that share similar attributes are often grouped together and the act of creating such groups is called typology. Groups of artifacts from a particular time and place are called assemblages. These assemblages are often used to define archaeological cultures.具有相同特征的器物常常被放在一起归组,而实施这种归组的做法被称为类型学。某特定时期的器物组被称为组合,这些组合常常被用来定义考古学文化。
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思维导图

高清原图pdf后台回复关键词【考古学理论、方法与实践第三章】即可获取!
PS:这个系列的内容会一直更新,但这本书最好还是要自己读一遍噢,留下自己的笔记和标注,然后再来看带读会加深印象,更有利于学习!有任何建议可以留言~
内容:阿汐
审核:风见
致读者:撰文不易,如有纰漏,期待大家评论区友善指正。
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