【TED演讲稿】应对极端热浪的三步计划

TED演讲者：Eleni Myrivili / 伊莲妮 ·麦瑞维丽

演讲标题：A 3-part plan to take on extreme heat waves / 应对极端热浪的三步计划

内容概要：The deadliest severe weather phenomenon is something you might not realize: extreme heat. Eleni Myrivili, chief heat officer of the city of Athens, Greece, explains that extreme heat and heat waves are often overlooked because they're not as dramatic as flooding or hurricanes – and breaks down three approaches to keep cities cool in a time of rapid global temperature rise. "Cranking up the air conditioner is just not going to cut it," she says.

最严重、致命的气候现象往往是你意识不到的：极端炎热。希腊雅典城首席卫生官伊莲妮 ·麦瑞维丽（Eleni Myrivili）解释说，极端高温和热浪通常被忽视，因为它们不如洪水或飓风般剧烈，并且把快速全球升温时让城市保持凉爽的方法分为三个部分。她说：“打开空调并不能消减空调数量。”

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【1】So in my city of Athens, Greece, like in many cities around the world, a lot of people thought that climate change is something happening far away.

在我的城市希腊雅典, 就像世界上许多城市一样, 很多人认为气候变化 是一个离自己很遥远的事情。

【2】Until ash started falling from the sky and temperatures neared 45 degrees Celsius in the summer of 2021, and they stayed above 40 degrees for several days.

直到灰烬开始从天而降 然后气温在 2021 年夏天 并 40 摄氏度以上停留了好几天。

【3】The asphalt sizzled and huge wildfires burned the forests around the city and people died.

沥青嘶嘶作响,巨大的野火 烧毁了城市周围的森林, 有些人死了。

【4】The last decade has been the hottest ever recorded in our history.

过去的十年是我们历史上 所记录的最热的十年。

【5】Paradoxically, even though we've been talking about global warming for decades, we haven't been talking about extreme heat, especially in urban environments.

矛盾的是,即使我们 几十年来一直谈论着全球变暖, 我们一直没有谈论极端高温, 尤其是在城市环境中。

【6】Extreme heat is the deadliest of all extreme weather phenomena.

极端高温是所有 极端天气现象中最致命的。

【7】Very few of us know this.

我们很少有人知道这一点。

【8】We overlook extreme heat because heat doesn't come with the drama of roofs sent flying and streets turned into rivers.

我们忽略了极端的高温, 因为高温不会伴随着屋顶被掀翻、 街道变成河流这样的戏剧性场面。

【9】Heat destroys quietly.

高温会悄悄地破坏。

【10】Yet there is little escape from heat.

然而,几乎没有人能逃离炎热。

【11】These are temperatures our bodies are not made for and cannot adapt to.

这些温度不是我们的身体所能适应的。

【12】These are temperatures our cities and our infrastructure is not made for.

我们的城市和基础设施 不适合这样的温度。

【13】The structures of our cities and the surfaces absorb heat and store it and radiate it at night.

我们城市的建筑结构 和地表吸收并储存热量, 并在晚上散发出去。

【14】Cars and air conditioning add more to the urban environment.

汽车和空调给城市环境 增添了更多的负担。

【15】And this is a deadly mix.

这是一种致命的混合。

【16】This is what we call the urban heat island.

这就是我们所说的城市热岛。

【17】The list of health effects from heat and from heat waves is long, and it includes significant mental problems, mental health problems.

高温和热浪对健康的影响有很多, 其中包括严重的精神问题, 精神健康问题。

【18】It also, heat creates fatigue and loss of sleep, which in turn increases workplace injuries as well as significant losses of productivity.

此外, 高温会造成疲劳和睡眠不足, 这反过来又会增加工伤 和生产力的严重损失。

【19】Heat waves also, we know, that they increase violence in communities, we have correlated it to increased violence in communities, and also they lower the ability of children to learn.

我们知道, 热浪还会增加社区暴力, 我们将热浪与社区中 增加的暴力行为联系在了一起, 它还会降低孩子们的学习能力。

【20】And in the cities, not everybody, of course, is affected equally.

当然,在城市里, 并不是每个人都会受到相同的影响。

【21】The poor, especially the energy-poor and the housing-poor are most vulnerable as well as people with pre-existing conditions, people above 60 years old, pregnant women, young children and people that have manual labor jobs.

穷人,特别是缺少能源的人 和缺少住房的人, 以及患基础病的人、 60 岁以上的人、 孕妇、儿童、 从事体力劳动的人是最脆弱的。

【22】Also, we know that heat has been baking farmers' crops, reducing yields, inhibiting pollination, and more and more farm workers are going to work before daybreak or farming in the night, harvesting in the night.

此外,高温烘烤着农民的庄稼, 降低了产量, 抑制授粉, 越来越多的农场工人 选择在黎明前 或夜间耕作,在夜间收获。

【23】It's just getting too darn hot.

现在真的太热了。

【24】The great infrastructures that we have built with ingenuity and effort during the last two centuries, the dams, the waterways, the highways, the railways, they have been carefully engineered for a climate that no longer exists.

在过去的两个世纪里, 我们用智慧和努力 建造了伟大的基础设施, 水坝、水道、高速公路、铁路, 都是为一种现已 不复存在的气候精心设计的。

【25】What can we do?

我们能做些什么？

【26】I will talk about cities because that's my territory.

我想谈论城市,因为那是我的领域。

【27】As chief health officer of Athens, I think of all possible efforts in three general categories.

作为雅典的首席卫生官, 我认为所有可能的努力 大致可以分为三类。

【28】Awareness, preparedness and redesign.

意识、 准备和重新设计。

【29】Awareness means that we recognize the threat.

意识的意思就是我们认识到了威胁。

【30】It's hard sometimes to persuade people, especially in hot climates, to take heat exposure seriously.

尤其是在炎热的气候中, 有时很难说服人们 认真对待热暴露。

【31】So this year, together with the Arsht-Rockefeller Resilience Center, we are going to pilot, for the first time this summer, four cities in the US and Athens, we're going to pilot a new methodology for naming and categorizing heat waves like we do hurricanes.

所以今年,我们将与阿什特-洛克菲勒 （Arsht-Rockefeller）恢复中心一起, 今夏第一次, 在美国的四个城市和雅典, 我们将试点使用一种新的方法来命名 和分类热浪,就像 我们对飓风做的那样。

【32】So consider this.

想一下,

【33】When there is a category 4 hurricane, you don't expect the pizza delivery person to bring a pizza to your house, nor do you expect, like, people to keep working in a construction site.

当四级飓风来袭时, 你不会指望披萨外卖员 把披萨送到你家, 也不会指望人们 继续在建筑工地工作。

【34】However, we don't have such considerations or policies in relation to a category 4 heat wave because there is no category 4 heat waves.

但是,我们没有四级热浪下 相关的考虑和政策, 因为从来没有四级热浪这个分类。

【35】We don't have metrics, and we don't have categories.

我们没有度量指标, 我们没有分类。

【36】And I think that this will be a real game changer.

我认为这真的会改变很多。

【37】So this is just one thing, but I think this is important.

虽然它只是一件事, 我却觉得它很重要。

【38】So awareness leads to preparedness, and preparedness means that you are kind of, ready to basically, when the event happens, to protect the most vulnerable.

意识过后便是准备, 准备意味着你能够 在灾害发生时 保护最脆弱的人群。

【39】And there's a whole slew of actions that cities are doing all around the world, short-term things, to protect people during the heat waves.

世界各地的城市采取了 一系列的短期的措施, 在热浪袭来时保护人们。

【40】For example, in Athens, we have created a smartphone app that gives you personalized and real-time risk assessment and gives you, on a map, risk assessments in relation to heat,

例如,在雅典, 我们制作了一个手机应用, 它能给你人性化的 实时的风险检测, 并提供一个地图上的 有关高温的风险测试,

【41】and gives you on a map where you can go to get cover, where are the cool spaces, the nearest cool spaces.

告诉你可以去哪里得到保护, 哪里比较凉快,最近的清凉地点。

【42】New York has created this great buddy system where people in the neighborhood keep on checking during heat waves on people that are vulnerable in the neighborhood.

纽约创造了结伴制度, 在热浪袭来时人们能照顾 社区中的脆弱人群。

【43】They also gave, I think a couple of years ago, 74,000 units of air conditioning for low-income seniors.

纽约还在几年前给低收入老年人 提供了 74000 台空调。

【44】Sydney does this great thing, which is that they divert energy from the industrial sector to residential districts to avoid blackouts during heat waves.

悉尼做了同样伟大的事, 在热浪期间,为避免停电, 他们把工业部门的能源分给了居民区。

【45】So these are some short-term things that we can do and we've been doing.

这就是一些短期内 我们能做的事情, 和我们正在做的事情。

【46】But the real task at hand is redesigning our cities to make our cities cooler and thinking beyond air conditioning.

但是手边真正的任务是 重新设计我们的城市, 让城市更凉爽, 并思考空调之外的方法。

【47】So before we started designing our buildings and our cities and cooling them and heating them with fossil fuels, architecture had incorporated centuries-long wisdom for design solutions and materials that were fine-tuned to the local climate conditions.

在我们开始设计我们的建筑、城市, 用化石燃料降温、升温之前, 建筑的方案和材料 已经凝结了百年的智慧, 良好适应着当地的气候条件。

【48】So thick walls with tiny openings or well-placed windows high up in the building that kind of move air from the bottom up and out or outside shutters.

厚墙壁和小通风口, 或整齐排列在楼房高处的窗户, 那样的设计让空气 可以从上到下再流出, 或在外循环。

【49】Shady and verdant internal courtyards with fountains or outside walls that are whitewashed every spring to reflect the hot summer heat, the heat of the hot summers.

树林阴翳的小院子, 安装着喷泉 或者每年刷白的外墙, 反射着夏日的高温, 酷暑的热浪。

【50】So compare these to our concrete, steel and glass buildings that are air conditioned and that have sealed windows that basically make our cities into heat traps compounding instead of solving the problem.

相较这些,我们的水泥、 钢铁和玻璃建成的楼房有着空调 和密封的窗户, 实际上这会让我们的城市被热量包围, 使热量叠加,而不是解决问题。

【51】So, what we really need to do is we need to radically rethink and redesign our urban environments away from the logic of modernity, away from the logic of carbon modernity.

所以,我们真正要做的事 是彻底重新思考和设计 我们的城市环境, 远离现代性的逻辑, 远离现代的碳排放逻辑。

【52】Carbon is there from the get go, from the materials that we use for the types of construction, from the way we use the buildings, we heat and cool them, the way we eat, the way we consume, the way we move around in our urban environments.

碳从一开始就在那, 就来自于我们的各种建造材料, 来自我们使用建筑、 让它升温降温的方式, 我们吃东西、我们消耗的方式, 我们在城市环境中的交通方式。

【53】So we need to redesign our cities beyond energy efficiency and cutting carbon emissions.

因此我们需要重新设计我们的城市, 不仅仅关注能源效率和减少碳排放。

【54】We need an urban design revolution, a total paradigm shift that probably needs to be led not by architects anymore, but landscape architects that know more about thermodynamics and soil and the importance of soils for biodiversity

我们需要一场城市规划的革命 和理念的彻底转变, 或许不再被建筑师引领, 而是地形建筑师, 他们更了解热力学和土壤, 以及土壤对于生物多样性的重要性,

【55】and all these things that can really bring about a real paradigm shift, a revolution in design, a new type of urbanity that actually is a different metabolic animal.

这些做法的确可以带来理念的转变、 设计的革命 和城市的新形态, 使其变成一种新的新陈代谢的动物。

【56】Our cities of the future will be different metabolic systems.

我们未来的城市 会有截然不同的代谢系统。

【57】And we don't really know yet what this is going to look like, but I think it's going to be great, and it's just the beginning.

我们并不一定要知道 它会是什么样, 但我认为它会非常棒, 而且这只是个开始。

【58】But what we do know is that we really, really urgently need to build resilience to our current climate conditions at urban scale.

我们所知道的是我们真的 真的迫切需要为我们现在的气候条件 创造城市规模的弹性。

【59】There are materials and technologies that are currently being developed that will help, but the main thing, the first and foremost and most important thing for bringing down heat in cities is bringing nature into the urban fabric.

我们有正在研发的材料 和科技来帮助我们, 但降低城市高温的 主要、首先和最重要的任务 是把自然带到我们城市规划中。

【60】And this means a radical increase of trees, of tree coverage, of biodiversity and of water in the surfaces of our cities so that we can bring down the heat.

这意味着我们需要树木、植被覆盖、 生物多样性和城市表面水的剧增, 让我们可以降低高温。

【61】So this is the time, this is the decade, and this means that cities have to really think the interconnections and interdependencies between different urban systems, and they have to think of resources very carefully and build backup systems and redundancies, flexibility and diversity.

就是现在,就是这个年代, 这代表城市需要认真考虑 不同都市系统之间的联系和依赖, 他们也需要认真考量资源, 建造备用系统, 和冗余、灵活性及多样性。

【62】And think about sustainability and equity, because this is how we build resilience in our cities.

还要考虑到可持续性和公平, 因为这才是我们 在城市中创造弹性的方式。

【63】And cities are already doing it and they're changing.

城市已经开始了行动, 并带来了改变。

【64】And we're very much learning from each other because for the first time, the last few decades, cities belong in powerful urban networks so we're kind of talking with each other and learning from each other.

我们在互相学习, 因为在过去的几十年里, 城市首次加入了强大的都市网络, 借此我们彼此交流,互相学习。

【65】Networks like Resilient Cities Network and C40 are really supporting cities.

像韧性城市网络（Resilient Cities Network）和 C40 这样的系统的的确确在支持着城市。

【66】And I'm going to give you a finish by giving you a few examples of what cities have done, and of course, I'm going to start from Athens.

我将以几个城市已经 采取的措施的例子来结尾。 当然,我会从雅典开始。

【67】So in Athens, we have this incredible Roman aqueduct, a brilliant, ancient masterpiece of design and engineering that runs for 20 kilometers underground, totally invisible, and still today moves enormous amounts of water from the hills outside of Athens to the center of Athens.

在雅典,我们有令人惊叹的罗马沟渠, 那是一个在设计和工程方面 无与伦比的古代伟大之作, 在地下延伸 20 公里,完全隐形, 到现在仍然将巨大量的水, 从雅典城外的山运送到城市中心。

【68】The water is great, too, it's perfect for irrigation, you don't need to do anything to it.

这些水也很不错, 它们非常适合灌溉, 不需要你做任何事情。

【69】And for decades now, we've been just throwing it into the sewage and then to the sea.

几十年来, 我们只是把它排进污水管, 再排进海洋。

【70】So now this urban aqueduct, this ancient monument, is going to be used to build resilience and lower heat by supporting urban nature for the modern city of Athens.

现在,这个城市水渠和古时丰碑, 将会被用来建造韧性,降低温度, 通过支持现代雅典城的都市本质。

【71】Another great example is Medellín, in Colombia.

另一个很好的例子是 哥伦比亚的麦德林市。

【72】Medellín, they created 36 green corridors, a dense network of trees and flower beds that has lowered temperatures four degrees Celsius in the city, and it does a lot of other things, ecosystemic services, like captures pollution and noise pollution and water and soil erosion.

在麦德林,人们 建造了 36 个绿色走廊, 一个高密度的树木花朵植被系统。 它们使城市温度降低了 4 摄氏度, 还做了许多其他事情, 生态系统服务,如捕捉污染、 噪声污染、水源和土壤污染。

【73】So all these things have really important ecosystemic services.

这些都是极为重要的生态系统服务。

【74】You probably know, Seoul in South Korea, they dismantled a highway that was ten lanes long and it had four lanes on top expressway, to restore a stream underneath

你应该知道了,在韩国首尔, 拆除了十条车道宽的高速公路, 留了四车道, 就为了恢复底下的水流。

【75】and [they] created this blue corridor and green corridor, 3.6 miles long, a continuous space for wildlife and people to walk and bicycle, that not only lowers temperatures,

他们还建造了 3.6 英里的 蓝色走廊和绿色走廊, 一个给野生动物的生存、 人们行走或骑车的长久空间, 作用不仅仅是降低温度。

【76】they've measured that it goes up to 5.9 degrees Celsius, that it lowers temperatures in that area, But also it protects the city from flooding.

根据他们的测量,这样的走廊 使该地区温度降温高达 5.9 摄氏度, 同时,它保护着城市免受洪水灾害。

【77】And, of course, it attracts thousands of visitors every day, has created a lot of jobs and has supported business development more than any other part of Seoul.

当然了,它每天还吸引着 成千上万的游客, 创造了许多就业, 比首尔其他任何地方 更支持企业发展。

【78】Paris is using the water of the Seine to give free cooling to buildings around the river.

巴黎在用塞纳河的水 来免费降低河边建筑的温度。

【79】And finally, I'll finish with Melbourne in Australia because they have created an incredible strategy that's called Nature in the City Strategy, where they've analyzed and think

最后,我想讲讲澳大利亚的墨尔本, 因为他们发明了一个绝妙的策略, 叫做城市中的自然策略 （Nature in the City Strategy）, 他们已经分析并思考

【80】how to bring together all of the levels of the ecosystem from the soil and the fungi underneath to the plants and the animals and the birds and the insects and the frogs and put into place all these actions that will ensure that the urban environment, that their kids will grow up, will be richer and much healthier.

如何将各层级的生态系统整合在一起 从地下土壤和真菌, 到动植物、鸟类、昆虫 和青蛙, 开展所有这样的措施, 来保障他们孩子成长中的城市环境 变得越来越丰富, 越来越健康。

【81】So, what keeps me really excited about this work, working to help cities cool down and work against climate change, is also that I feel that I'm really helping create much more wonderful cities to live in.

这项帮助城市降温、 应对气候变化的工作令我激动的是 我也感到我真的在帮助 创造更多给人们居住的美好城市。

【82】So just think about this, cranking up the air conditioning is just not going to cut it.

想想吧, 打开空调 并不能消减它的数量。

【83】Thank you.

谢谢。