工作倦怠 / Burnout

「释义」

工作倦怠指个体在工作重压下产生的身心疲劳与耗竭的状态。最早由Herbert Freudenberger 于1974 年提出， 他认为职业倦怠是一种最容易在助人行业中出现的情绪性耗竭的症状。

2019年5月份，世界卫生组织将工作倦怠列入了《国际疾病分类》。根据世卫组织，工作倦怠是一种由慢性工作压力导致的综合症，症状包含“精神耗尽、对工作的心里距离增加、对工作的负面感觉、以及工作效率的减少”。工作倦怠不被归类为一种医学疾病。

「应用场景」

斯坦福大学的研究人员在调查职场压力如何影响美国的医疗费用和死亡率时发现，这种压力导致了近1900亿美元的支出——大约占全国医疗保健支出费用的8%——以及每年近12万人的死亡。在世界范围内，6.15亿人患有抑郁症和焦虑症，而且根据世界卫生组织最近的一项研究，这预计每年给全球劳动力造成了1万亿美元的生产力损失。医生和护士等由激情所驱使以及护理性质的岗位是最容易工作倦怠的，结果可能就意味着生死选择；护理人员的自杀率明显高于普通大众——男性高出40%，女性高出130%。

When Stanford researchers looked into how workplace stress affects health costs and mortality in the United States (pdf), they found that it led to spending of nearly $190 billion — roughly 8% of national  healthcare outlays — and nearly 120,000 deaths each year. Worldwide, 615 million suffer from depression and anxiety and, according to a recent WHO study, which costs the global workforce an estimated $1 trillion in lost productivity each year. Passion-driven and caregiving roles such as doctors and nurses  are some of the most susceptible to burnout, and the consequences can mean life or death; suicide rates among caregivers are dramatically higher than that of the general public — 40% higher for men and 130% higher for women.

如果那些统计数据不够可怕，那就看看这样的事实：根据美国心理学会的数据，没有员工健康保障体系的企业离职率更高，生产率更低，医疗保健成本更高。在压力大的企业，医疗保健支出比其他企业高出50%。职场压力给美国经济造成的损失估计超过5000亿美元，每年有5500万个工作日因工作压力而损失。美国心理学会的另一项研究声称，工作倦怠的员工积极寻找另外工作的可能性是普通员工的2.6倍，请病假的可能性高出63%，看急诊的可能性高出23%。

If those statistics aren’t scary enough, consider the fact that companies without systems to support the well-being of their employees have higher turnover, lower productivity, and higher healthcare costs, according to the American Psychological Association (APA). In high-pressure firms, healthcare costs are 50% greater than at other organizations. Workplace stress is estimated to cost the U.S. economy more than $500 billion dollars, and, each year, 550 million work days are lost due to stress on the job. Another study by the APA claims that burned-out employees are 2.6 times as likely to be actively seeking a different job, 63% more likely to take a sick day, and 23% more likely to visit the emergency room.

《预防工作倦怠攻略》

珍妮弗·莫斯

2020年2月刊

“Burnout Is About Your Workplace, Not Your People”

by Jennifer Moss

编辑：马冰仑