【2005英语一text1】动物也具有公平意识？原来动物和人类有共通之处
原文初读
P1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise . Yet pleasure at your own can
vanish
if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one .
Indeed
, if he has a reputation for
slacking
, you might even be
outraged
. Such behaviour is regarded as " all too human ", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this
finely
developed sense of
grievance
. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , which has just been published in Nature , suggests that it is all too monkey , as well .
P2
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys . They look cute . They are
good-natured
, co-operative creatures , and they share their food
readily
. Above all , like their female human
counterparts
, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of " goods and services " than males .
P3
Such characteristics make them perfect
candidates
for Dr. Brosnan ' s and Dr. de Waal ' s study . The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange
tokens
for food . Normally , the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber . However , when two monkeys were placed in separate but
adjoining
chambers
, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock , their behaviour became
markedly
different .
P4
In the world of capuchins , grapes are luxury goods ( and much preferable to cucumbers ). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token , the second was
reluctant
to hand hers over for a
mere
piece of cucumber . And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all , the other either
tossed
her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber , or refused to accept the slice of cucumber . Indeed , the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber ( without an actual monkey to eat it ) was enough to
induce resentment
in a female capuchin .
P5
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys , like humans , are guided by social emotions . In the wild , they are a co-operative , group-living species . Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated . Feelings of
righteous indignation
, it seems , are not the
preserve
of people alone . Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings
abundantly
clear to other members of the group . However , whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans , or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago , is , as yet , an unanswered question .
重点单词/短语
vanish：v 不复存在，消亡
Indeed：adv（表递进语气）其实，事实上
slack：v 松懈，懈怠
outrage：v 使震怒；激怒
finely：adv 精巧地，精确地
grievance：n（因不公平的事）不满
good-natured：adj 性情温和的，和善的
readily：adv 欣然地，乐意地
counterpart：n 相当/对应的人或物
candidate：n 被认定的合适者
token：n（用作支付方式的）代币
adjoining：adj 邻接的，毗连的
chamber：n（用作特定用途的）房间，室
markedly：adv 显著地，明显地
reluctant：adj 不情愿的；勉强的
mere：adj 仅仅的
toss：v 扔
induce：v 引起；导致
righteous：adj 公正的，正义的
indignation：n 愤慨，义愤
preserve：n（某种群体活动、工作等的）专门领域，独揽之事
abundantly：adv 十分地，非常地
真题再现
21.In the opening paragraph , the author introduces his topic by [ A ] posing a contrast . [ B ] justifying an assumption . [ C ] making a comparison . [ D ] explaining a phenomenon . 22.The statement " it is all too monkey "( Last line , Paragraph l ) implies that . [ A ] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals . [ B ] resenting unfairness is also monkeys 'nature . [ C ] monkeys , like humans , tend to be jealous of each other . [ D ] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions . 23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are [ A ] more
inclined
to weigh what they get . [ B ] attentive to researchers ' instructions . [ C ] nice in both appearance and temperament . [ D ] more generous than their male companions . 24.Dr . Brosnan and Dr . de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys [ A ] prefer grapes to cucumbers . [ B ] can be taught to exchange things . [ C ] will not be co - operative if feeling cheated . [ D ] are unhappy when separated from others . 25.What can we infer from the last paragraph ? [ A ] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions . [ B ] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source . [ C ] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do . [ D ] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild .
答案速查：CBACB
真题解析
21.在文章的开头，作者先描述了人类因不公平而产生不满的行为，然后通过比较，引出猴子也存在这种行为。A项为干扰项，并没有形成对照。 22.对上文的理解，人类对不公平会产生不满情绪，猴子和人类在这一方面是相似的。对文章主旨的把握，AC都是对上文事例片面的看法，D前面没有提到，理解错误 23.第三段第一句Such characteristics make them perfect
candidates
for Dr. Brosnan ' s and Dr. de Waal ' s study . 表明应该从前文中找答案。由二段中 Above all , like their female human
counterparts
, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of " goods and services " than males .知，雌猴比雄猴更倾向于权衡它们获得的东西。所以选A。C项干扰项，确实是雌猴的特性，但不是用来做研究的原因。BD项无中生有，主观臆断，文中并没有提到。 24.题目问的是最终研究成果。而AB是研究过程中所用到的它们的一些特性，D项主观臆断。把握文章主旨就好作出选择了。 25.对最后一段的理解。A，猴子的社会情感不是训练得来的，而是它们本身就有的。B，文中最后一句话。C，最后一段并没有提到公开表达情感。D，不是在野外它们的合作才能稳定，而是Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated .感到没有受欺骗的时候是稳定的。
