（书籍翻译）第四次十字军东征1202–04：对拜占庭的背叛（七）
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Structurally, the Byzantine army still consisted of indigenous units recruited on regional and often linguistic grounds, plus similarly ‘ethnic’ units of foreign mercenaries and elite palace or guard regiments. The cavalry were divided into heavily armoured close-combat troopers in a traditional Middle Eastern rather than Western European style, and lightly equipped horse archers, the majority of whom now seem to have been pagan Turks from the steppes or Muslim Turks from Anatolia.
从结构上看，拜占庭军队仍然由基于地区和语言缘故而招募的本土部队组成，加上外国雇佣兵和精英宫殿（或卫队）的“民族”部队。骑兵被分为重装近战部队，具有传统的中东而非西欧风格，以及装备简陋的马弓手，其中大部分人是来自草原的异教土耳其人或来自安纳托利亚的穆斯林土耳其人。
The most famous elite palace regiment was, of course, the Varangian Guard. Originally recruited from Scandinavians and Rus of largely Scandinavian origin, the Varangian Guard now largely consisted of Englishmen of Anglo-Saxon rather than Anglo-Norman origin, plus Frisians, Germans and others. Their duties were remarkably similar to those of the Kievan Russian Druzhina, the Scandinavian vikinge-lag and the pre-1066 Anglo-Saxon huscarls. Each of these was a mercenary company that served as a ruler’s personal bodyguard and the core of a larger army.
最著名的宫廷精英军团当属瓦兰吉亚卫队 。瓦兰吉亚卫队最初从斯堪的纳维亚人和罗斯人中招募，主要是斯堪的纳维亚血统；后来卫队由来自盎格鲁-撒克逊而不是盎格鲁-诺曼的英格兰人组成，加上弗里斯兰人、日耳曼人等人组成。他们的职责与基辅俄罗斯的Druzhina、斯堪的纳维亚的vikinge-lag（维京军团）和1066年前的盎格鲁-撒克逊的 huscarls非常相似。这些都是雇佣兵集团，他们常常作为统治者的私人保镖或军队的核心。
瓦兰吉亚卫队：（希腊语：Τάγμα τῶν Βαράγγων，Tágma tōn Varángōn）是十世纪至十四世纪拜占庭军队的一支精英部队。其成员担任拜占庭皇帝的私人保镖。瓦兰吉亚卫队以主要由来自北欧的新兵组成而闻名，其中主要包括来自斯堪的纳维亚半岛的诺森人，但也包括来自英格兰的盎格鲁-撒克逊人。从拜占庭以外招募遥远的外国人担任皇帝的私人卫队是一项刻意的政策，因为他们缺乏地方政治忠诚度，皇帝可以依靠他们来镇压不忠于拜占庭的叛乱。
Druzhina：在基辅罗斯和早期波兰的中世纪历史中，druzhina、drużyna或družyna（斯洛伐克和捷克语：družina；波兰语：drużyna；俄语和乌克兰语：дружи́на，druzhýna字面意思是 "伙伴"）是为斯拉夫酋长服务的随从，也叫knyaz。该名称源自斯拉夫语的药物（друг），意思是 "伙伴、朋友"。
huscarls：侍卫（旧北欧语：húskarl，旧英语：huscarl）是中世纪北欧的一种非奴隶制的男仆或家庭保镖。
这种制度起源于斯堪的纳维亚半岛的诺森人，并在11世纪被丹麦人征服后被带到了盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰。他们训练有素，并像全职士兵一样获得报酬。在英格兰，王室斗篷人在军事和行政方面都有一些作用，他们在哈罗德-戈德温森手下参加了黑斯廷斯之战。
In other respects Byzantine military recruitment remained traditional. Emperor Manuel had, for example, settled large numbers of prisoners of war as paroikoi peasants with military obligations. Emperor Isaac II then continued his Comnenid predecessors’ policy of trying to rebuild a ‘national’ but not necessarily aristocratic army. Then there were the Armenians. Mistrust between Greeks and Armenians within the Byzantine Empire had been a source of weakness for centuries, but although the Armenians were often politically unreliable, they were regarded as good soldiers. Despite their importance declining during the 12th century, significant numbers of militarily active Armenians were still present in the early 13th century, in both Anatolia and Thrace. Presumably this reflected a traditional Byzantine habit of settling Armenian military colonies close to vulnerable frontiers; those based in the Troad (Troy) region of north-western Anatolia were wellplaced to face a continuing Saljuq threat.
在其他方面，拜占庭的征兵工作仍然保持传统模式。例如，曼努埃尔皇帝曾将大量战俘作为承担军事义务的准农民安置在一起。随后，伊萨克二世皇帝继续执行科穆宁王朝前辈们的政策，试图重建一支属于“国家”但不属于贵族的军队。关于亚美尼亚人，几个世纪以来，拜占庭帝国内部的希腊人和亚美尼亚人之间的不信任一直是帝国的弱点，尽管亚美尼亚人在政治上往往不可靠，但他们是优秀的战士。尽管他们的重要性在12世纪有所下降，但在13世纪初，在安纳托利亚和色雷斯仍有大量活跃的亚美尼亚人。据推测，这反映了拜占庭在脆弱的边界附近安置亚美尼亚军事殖民地的传统习惯；那些驻扎在安纳托利亚西北部的特罗伊（Troad）地区的亚美尼亚人有能力面对塞尔柱的持续威胁。
Given the parlous state of the Byzantine economy at the start of the 13th century, it is hardly surprising that the number of Western European mercenaries had shrunk. There were still some, perhaps including survivors of those ‘Franks’ who had defended Varna against Bulgar and Vlach rebels in 1193. However, most of those Westerners who would fight alongside Byzantine troops in defence of Constantinople against the Fourth Crusade seem to have been resident merchants and perhaps ships’ crews. The most significant group were the Pisans, who felt a vested interest in supporting the current Emperor against what probably looked to them like an invasion by their Venetian commercial rivals.
鉴于13世纪初拜占庭经济的窘迫状况，西欧雇佣军的数量缩减也就不足为奇了。还有一些人，也许包括那些在1193年保卫瓦尔纳对抗保加利亚和Vlach叛军的‘法兰克人’的幸存者。然而，那些在第四次十字军东征中与拜占庭军队并肩作战，保卫君士坦丁堡的西方人中，大多数都是常驻商人，或者是船只的船员。最重要的群体是比萨人，他们觉得支持现任皇帝而反对在他们看来可能是威尼斯商业对手的入侵，是一种既得利益。
By the time of the Fourth Crusade, Turkish mercenaries were almost certainly more numerous and more important. They included substantial numbers from the semi-nomadic Turkish peoples of the western steppes, most notably Kipchaqs, who came from the same areas as those Kipchaqs who, with the Vlachs, had instigated the anti-Byzantine revolt that resulted in the recreation of a Bulgarian kingdom.
第四次十字军东征时，土耳其雇佣兵变得更多、更重要。他们中包括大量来自西部草原的半游牧土耳其人，最明显的是基普查克人，他们与那些基普查克人来自同一地区，与Vlach人一起煽动了反拜占庭的起义，这导致了保加利亚王国的重建。
Other Turkish mercenaries came from Anatolia, including the Saljuq Sultanate of Rum, though the numbers of such troops are believed to have declined after the Byzantine disaster at Myriokephalon in 1176. Perhaps the Byzantine army could no longer afford them. A smaller number arrived as aristocratic political refugees, perhaps with their own military followings. The most important Turkish refugee at the time of the Fourth Crusade was Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw I, youngest son of Sultan Kilij Arslan II by a Christian wife. In 1194–05 he had briefly ruled the Saljuq Sultanate and carried out successful raids against Byzantine territory, but he was then overthrown by one of his half-brothers, Rukn al-Din Sulayman. After wandering around the Middle East, Ghiyath al-Din sought refuge in Constantinople. This was granted by Alexios III, although the Emperor refused to help the refugee Saljuq prince regain his throne. Ghiyath al-Din was still living in Constantinople when the Fourth Crusade arrived.
其他土耳其雇佣军来自安纳托利亚，包括鲁姆的塞尔柱苏丹国，不过，1176年拜占庭在米里奥克法隆的灾难之后，这类部队的数量有所下降。也许拜占庭的军队再也负担不起了。少数人是作为贵族政治难民抵达的，也许有他们自己的军事追随者。第四次十字军东征时最特殊的土耳其难民是基里亚特-丁-凯胡斯劳一世（Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw I），他是苏丹基里吉·阿尔斯兰二世与基督徒妻子所生的最小儿子。1194-05年，他曾短暂地统治过塞尔柱苏丹国，并对拜占庭领土进行过成功的突袭，但他随后被其同父异母的兄弟鲁克恩·丁·苏莱曼推翻了。在中东地区游荡后，吉雅特·丁前往君士坦丁堡寻求庇护。这事由阿莱克修斯三世批准，尽管皇帝拒绝帮助避难的塞尔柱王子重新获得王位。第四次十字军东征到达时，吉雅特·丁（Ghiyath al-Din）仍住在君士坦丁堡。
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