ADP 3-90 进攻与防御 1-1至1-22（机翻，双语）

声明

《ADP 3-90 进攻与防御》是美国陆军条例出版物（Army Doctrine Publications），文章中涉及到的内容均来自向公众开放的网站的免费内容及其机翻，不涉及任何国家的保密政策。

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英文原版请从官方渠道获取。

新人up，英语水平不咋地，中文部分都是机翻润色的，所以附上英文原版供大家对照参考

前面还有一部分介绍和术语更新的内容，我懒得扔翻译器了

推荐使用网页端阅读，手机端字体可能比较别扭

给个三联吧

以下正文

第一章 战术基础

Chapter 1  Tactical Fundamentals

 指挥官根据他们是否实现战略、作战或战术目标来考虑他们的行动是战略性的、作战性的还是战术性的。本章讨论战争的战术层面、战术的艺术和科学、解决战术问题以及仓促与蓄意的行动。

 Commanders consider their actions strategic, operational, or tactical based on whether  they achieve a strategic, operational, or tactical objective. This chapter addresses the  tactical level of warfare, the art and science of tactics, solving tactical problems, and  hasty versus deliberate operations. 

策略

TACTICS  

 1-1. 战术是力量相互关联的使用、有序安排和定向行动。ADP 3-90 是战术层面进攻和防守的主要出版物。它具有权威性，并以经过实战考验的概念和想法的形式提供指导，以利用陆军和联合能力进行修改。它侧重于用于利用当前能力在战斗中获胜的战术。战术不是规定性的。战术家利用创造力来开发敌军既没有准备也没有能力应对的解决方案。

1-1. Tactics is the employment, ordered arrangement, and directed actions of forces in relation to  each other. ADP 3-90 is the primary publication for the offense and defense at the tactical level. It is authoritative and provides guidance in the form of combat-tested concepts and ideas modified to take  advantage of Army and joint capabilities. It focuses on the tactics used to employ current capabilities to  prevail in combat. Tactics are not prescriptive. Tacticians use creativity to develop solutions for which enemy  forces are neither prepared nor able to cope. 

 1-2. 战术总是需要判断和适应情况的独特情况。技术和程序是既定的模式或过程，可以反复应用，无需对各种情况做出判断。战术、技术和程序(TTP)共同为指挥官和参谋人员提供了制定战术问题解决方案的基础。任何特定问题的解决方案是这些基本原理、当前TTP以及基于对情况的评估创建新TTP的独特组合。指挥官通过掌握条令和当前的TTP来确定可接受的解决方案。他们通过教育、培训和运营方面的经验来掌握。

1-2. Tactics always require judgment and adaptation to a situation’s unique circumstances. Techniques and  procedures are established patterns or processes that can be applied repeatedly with little judgment to various circumstances. Together, tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) provide commanders and staffs with the  fundamentals to develop solutions to tactical problems. The solution to any specific problem is a unique  combination of these fundamentals, current TTP, and the creation of new TTP based on an evaluation of the  situation. Commanders determine acceptable solutions by mastering doctrine and current TTP. They gain  this mastery through experiences in education, training, and operations.

战争的战术水平

THE TACTICAL LEVEL OF WARFARE

 1-3. 战术级别的战争是计划和执行战斗和交战以实现分配给战术单位或特遣部队的军事目标的战争级别（JP 3-0）。这一级别的活动侧重于通过作战部队相互之间和与敌军之间的有序安排、移动和机动来实现指定目标。战争的战略和作战层面为战术作战提供了背景。（参见JP3-0和ADP3-0了解更多关于战争战略和作战层面的讨论）如果没有这种背景，战术行动就会与作战最终状态和战略目标脱节。

1-3. The tactical level of warfare is the level of warfare at which battles and engagements are planned and  executed to achieve military objectives assigned to tactical units or task forces (JP 3-0). Activities at this  level focus on achieving assigned objectives through the ordered arrangement, movement, and maneuver of  combat elements in relation to each other and to enemy forces. The strategic and operational levels of warfare  provide the context for tactical operations. (See JP 3-0 and ADP 3-0 for more discussions on strategic and  operational levels of warfare.) Without this context, tactical operations become disconnected from  operational end states and strategic goals.  

 1-4. 交战是一种战术冲突，通常发生在对立的低级机动部队之间（JP 3-0）。旅和下级单位通常进行交战。交战源于与两个对手的故意接近或偶然相遇。

1-4. An engagement is a tactical conflict, usually between opposing lower echelon maneuver forces  (JP 3-0). Brigades and lower echelon units generally conduct engagements. Engagements result from  deliberate closure with or chance encounters between two opponents.

 1-5. 一场战斗是一组相关的交战，比一场交战持续时间更长，涉及的力量更大。战斗影响战役或主要行动的进程，因为它们决定了师或军梯队实现一个或多个重要目标的结果。战斗的结果决定了战略和作战的成功，并有助于实现战略目的的整体作战或战役。交战的结果决定了战术的成功，并有助于友军赢得战斗。

1-5. A battle is a set of related engagements that lasts longer and involves larger forces than an  engagement. Battles affect the course of a campaign or major operation, as they determine the outcome of a  division or corps echelon achieving one or more significant objectives. The outcomes of battles determine  strategic and operational success and contribute to the overall operation or campaign achieving a strategic  purpose. The outcomes of engagements determine tactical success and contribute to friendly forces winning  a battle. 

  1-6. 指挥梯队、单位规模、装备类型或组件并不能定义战争的战略、作战或战术层面。相反，战争的级别取决于行动达到的级别目标。国家资产，包括以前主要被认为具有战略意义的天基和网络空间能力，为战术行动提供重要支持。

1-6. Echelons of command, sizes of units, types of equipment, or components do not define the strategic,  operational, or tactical levels of warfare. Instead, the level of warfare is determined by what level objective  is achieved by the action. National assets, including space-based and cyberspace capabilities previously  considered principally strategic, provide important support to tactical operations.

  1-7. 战争级别帮助指挥官将作战的逻辑嵌套，分配资源可视化，并将任务分配给适当的指挥梯队。技术进步和复杂的信息环境压缩了时间和空间关系。这一现实模糊了战争级别之间的界限。在一个持续和即时通信的世界中，一个事件可能同时影响所有三个级别的战争。

1-7. The levels of warfare help commanders to visualize a logical nesting of operations, to allocate  resources, and to assign tasks to the appropriate echelon of command. Advances in technology and a complex  information environment compress time and space relationships. This reality blurs the boundaries among the  levels of warfare. In a world of constant and immediate communication, a single event may affect all three  levels of warfare simultaneously.  

战术的艺术与科学

THE ART AND SCIENCE OF TACTICS  

 1-8. 各个梯队的陆军领导人都掌握了战术艺术和科学——两个截然不同但又密不可分的概念——来解决他们将在战场上面临的问题。当所需战术情况的任务变量——任务、敌人、地形和天气、可用的部队和支持、可用时间和民事考虑（称为METT-TC）——与当前情况不同时，就会出现战术问题。（有关任务变量的讨论，请参见ADP 6-0）

1-8. Army leaders at all echelons master the art and science of tactics—two distinct yet inseparable  concepts—to solve the problems they will face on the battlefield. A tactical problem occurs when the mission  variables—mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and civil  considerations (known as METT-TC)—of the desired tactical situation differ from the current situation. (See  ADP 6-0 for a discussion of the mission variables.)  

战术的技巧

THE ART OF TACTICS 

1-9. 战术技巧是三个相互关联的方面：完成任务的创造性和灵活的一系列手段，面对具有思维和适应性的敌人时在不确定条件下的决策，以及对战斗对士兵影响的理解。与科学相反，技巧需要基于操作经验来锻炼直觉，而不能仅仅通过学习来学习。领导者通过平衡学习与各种相关和实践经验来锻炼战术技巧。在各种现实条件下的重复练习增加了个人对战术技巧的掌握。

1-9. The art of tactics is three interrelated aspects: the creative and flexible array of means to  accomplish missions, decision making under conditions of uncertainty when faced with a thinking and  adaptive enemy, and the understanding of the effects of combat on Soldiers. An art, as opposed to a  science, requires exercising intuition based on operational experiences and cannot be learned solely by study.  Leaders exercise the art of tactics by balancing study with a variety of relevant and practical experiences.  Repetitive practice under a variety of realistic conditions increases an individual’s mastery of the art of  tactics.    

1-10. 领导者通过从相互关联的选项中进行选择，运用战术艺术来解决指挥官意图内的战术问题，包括——
     作战类型、机动形式和战术任务任务。
    可用力量的任务组织和资源的分配。
    控制措施的安排和选择。
    控制操作的节奏。
    必要风险等级。

1-10. Leaders apply the art of tactics to solve tactical problems within their commander’s intent by choosing  from interrelated options, including— 

 The types of operations, forms of maneuver, and tactical mission tasks. 

 Task organization of available forces and allocation of resources.  

 The arrangement and choice of control measures.  

 Controlling the tempo of the operation.  

 The level of necessary risk.  

 1-11. 战斗是对立意志的致命冲突，是具有相反目标的思维和适应性指挥官之间的激烈斗争。指挥官努力打败他们的敌人。失败是使一支力量无法实现其目标（ADP 3-0）。指挥官寻求完成支持作战或战略目的的任务，同时防止他们的敌人这样做。

1-11. Combat is a lethal clash of opposing wills and a violent struggle between thinking and adaptive  commanders with opposing goals. Commanders strive to defeat their enemies. Defeat is to render a force  incapable of achieving its objectives (ADP 3-0). Commanders seek to accomplish missions that support  operational or strategic purposes while preventing their enemies from doing the same.   

1-12. 这些支持运营或战略目的的选项代表了针对特定战术问题制定行动方案(COA)的起点。每个决定都代表一系列选项中的一个选择。每个选项都平衡了相互竞争的需求并需要判断。战术家利用经验和创造力来超越对手的敌方指挥官。任务变量有许多组合，使每个新的战术情况都独一无二。由于敌军在作战过程中会发生变化并适应友军行动，因此无法保证当前计划在一次作战中始终有效。

1-12. These options that support operational or strategic purposes represent a starting point for developing a  course of action (COA) to a specific tactical problem. Each decision represents a choice among a range of  options. Each option balances competing demands and requires judgment. Tacticians use experience and  creativity to outthink their opposing enemy commanders. The mission variables have many combinations  that make each new tactical situation unique. Because enemy forces change and adapt to friendly moves  during operations, there is no guarantee that the current plan remains valid throughout a single operation.  

技巧的创造性和灵活的应用

Creative and Flexible Application of Means 

 1-13. 战术技巧的第一个方面是创新地应用可用的手段来夺取、保持和利用对敌军的主动权。这些手段包括友军能力、组织和物资。有效使用可用手段需要了解友军如何与进攻和防御作战。有效的使用还需要了解敌人的目标及其组织和操作部队的方法。

1-13. The first aspect of the art of tactics is the innovative application of the means available to seize, retain,  and exploit the initiative against enemy forces. These means include friendly capabilities, organizations, and  materiel. Effective employment of available means requires an understanding of how friendly forces fight  the offense and defense. Effective employment also requires understanding the enemy’s objectives and  methods it uses to organize and operate its forces.   1-14. 夺取、保留和利用主动权并运用运动和机动的军队不仅仅在陆地领域作战。通过战略地面作战的战术取决于陆军部队影响其作战区域(AO)内敌人、对手和当地居民的行为和能力的能力。影响相关参与者的能力需要了解信息环境以及信息影响他们和军事行动的方式。影响他们的行为和能力需要友军有效地将信息作战、网络空间作战和电子战能力酌情整合到尽可能低的梯队。

1-14. Military forces that seize, retain, and exploit the initiative and employ movement and maneuver operate  in more than just the land domain. Tactical through strategic land operations depend on the ability of Army  forces to affect the behavior and capabilities of enemies, adversaries, and the local population in their area of  operations (AO). The ability to influence relevant actors requires an understanding of the information  environment and the ways that information affects them and military operations. Affecting their behavior and  capabilities requires friendly forces effectively integrating information operations, cyberspace operations,  and electronic warfare capabilities, as appropriate, to the lowest possible echelons.

不确定条件下的决策

Decision Making Under Conditions of Uncertainty 

 1-15. 战术技巧的第二个方面是在时间受限的环境中在不确定条件下做出决策。领导者需要高度的创造力和清晰的思路来理解在混乱和模棱两可的情况下所带来的影响和机会。在这种环境下，陆军要求领导者行动果断（基于他们的经验）、准确的运行估计和具有良好判断力的领导者。虽然详细的计划可以在战斗前提供一定程度的参考，但通过行动发展态势理解的领导者最有可能掌握主动权并利用稍纵即逝的相对优势位置。态势理解是对相关信息进行分析和判断以确定作战变量和任务变量之间关系的产物。（ADP 6-0）

1-15. The second aspect of the art of tactics is decision making under conditions of uncertainty in a  time-constrained environment. Leaders need a high degree of creativity and clarity of thought to understand  the implications and opportunities afforded in chaotic and ambiguous situations. In this environment, the  Army requires leaders who act decisively (based on their experiences), accurate running estimates, and  leaders with good judgment. While detailed planning provides a level of awareness before a battle, leaders  who develop situational understanding through action are the ones most likely to seize the initiative and  exploit fleeting positions of relative advantage. Situational understanding is the product of applying analysis  and judgment to relevant information to determine the relationships among the operational and mission  variables (ADP 6-0).  

  1-16. 在不确定的环境中做出决策需要领导者的参与。指挥员和参谋人员需要掌握军事决策过程的基本原理，然后才会对过程进行缩略。当时间不允许制定多个COA时，指挥官会根据参谋人员的意见和他们的经验来指导合适的解决方案。各单位使用警告令来最大化并行计划并尽早与下属共享信息。联络官和协作系统的使用加快了这一进程。

1-16. Decision making in an uncertain environment demands leader involvement. Commanders and staffs  need to master the fundamentals of the military decision-making process before they can abbreviate the  process. When time does not allow for developing multiple COAs, commanders apply staff input and their  experiences to direct a suitable solution. Units use warning orders to maximize parallel planning and share  information with subordinates as early as possible. The use of liaison officers and collaborative systems  accelerate the process. 

了解战斗对士兵的影响

Understanding of the Effects of Combat on Soldiers 

 1-17. 战术技巧的第三个也是最后一个方面是理解战斗对士兵的影响。这种理解是实战与训练期间遇到的情况的区别。暴力、死亡和偶然性造成的摩擦是战斗的特征。持续的战斗行动——进攻和防御的行为——对士兵造成伤害，严重地消耗他们的身心耐力。战斗产生的情绪反应会影响人类的行为。耐力的丧失会降低勇气、信心和纪律。如果不加以控制，这些影响会导致警惕性下降、感知减慢、无法集中注意力、决策失误以及无法执行日常任务。

1-17. The third and final aspect of the art of tactics is the understanding of the effects of combat on Soldiers.  This understanding is what differentiates actual combat from the circumstances encountered during training.  Friction resulting from violence, death, and chance characterize combat. Continuous combat operations—the  conduct of the offense and defense—take a toll on Soldiers, severely straining their physical and mental  stamina. The emotional responses resulting from combat influence human behavior. Loss of stamina  degrades courage, confidence, and discipline. If left unchecked, these effects can result in decreased  vigilance, slowed perception, inability to concentrate, poor decision making, and an inability to perform  routine tasks. 

  1-18. 战斗的成功取决于对战斗的情感和身体方面的理解，以及对数量和技术优势方面的理解。战术家解释了战斗的这些方面。他们寻求引起和利用恐惧和身体虚弱来侵蚀并最终击败敌军。

1-18. Success in combat depends on understanding the emotional and physical aspects of combat as well as  understanding the aspects of numerical and technological superiority. Tacticians account for these aspects of  combat. They seek to cause and exploit fear and physical weakness to erode and ultimately defeat enemy  forces. 

 1-19. 领导人必须警惕疲劳、恐惧、纪律或道德标准失误以及友军和敌军士气低落的迹象。有效的领导者在利用对敌军的影响的同时应对这些对友军的影响。保持战术压力会导致敌军不断做出反应，使他们没有机会恢复。压力为友军提供了利用的机会，而敌军越来越无法进行有效抵抗，这可能导致他们的崩溃。领导者将战斗对人类耐力的负面影响纳入他们的计划，他们理解将士兵推向极限以利用成功与冒着单位凝聚力崩溃的风险之间的微妙区别。

1-19. Leaders must be alert to indicators of fatigue, fear, lapses in discipline or ethical standards, and reduced  morale among both friendly and enemy forces. Effective leaders counter these effects on friendly forces while  exploiting the effects on enemy forces. Maintaining tactical pressure causes enemy forces to react  continuously and affords them no chance to recover. Pressure provides friendly forces opportunities to exploit  while enemy forces become increasingly unable to mount effective resistance, which can lead to their collapse. Leaders factor the negative effects of combat on human endurance into their plans, and they  understand the subtle difference between pushing Soldiers to their limits to exploit success and risking the  collapse of unit cohesion.  

1-20。巧妙的战术要求指挥官在制定和执行计划时承担风险。运营中的成功取决于是否愿意将风险视为机遇，而不是将其视为可以避免的事情。最好的 COA 可能是风险最大的 COA。成功的指挥官会平衡保护部队和接受风险以完成任务之间的紧张关系。

1-20. Artful tactics require commanders to accept risk when formulating and executing plans. Success during  operations depends on a willingness to embrace risk as opportunity rather than treating it as something to  avoid. The best COA may be the one with the greatest risk. Successful commanders balance the tension  between protecting their force and accepting risks to accomplish their mission.

战术科学

THE SCIENCE OF TACTICS

 1-21. 战术科学是对战术的军事方面的理解——能力、技术和程序——可以衡量和编纂。战术科学包括友方和敌方组织和系统的物理能力。它还包括用于完成特定任务的技术和程序。战术科学很简单。下属条令出版物所包含的大部分内容是战术科学——用于使用合成兵种团队的各种要素的技术和程序。联合兵种团队是使用联合兵种的团队——同步和同时应用兵种以达到比单独或顺序使用每个要素更大的效果（ADP 3-0）。

1-21. The science of tactics is the understanding of those military aspects of tactics—capabilities,  techniques, and procedures—that can be measured and codified. The science of tactics includes the  physical capabilities of friendly and enemy organizations and systems. It also includes techniques and  procedures used to accomplish specific tasks. The science of tactics is straightforward. Much of what  subordinate doctrine publications contain are the science of tactics—techniques and procedures for  employing the various elements of the combined arms team. A combined arms team is a team that uses  combined arms—the synchronized and simultaneous application of arms to achieve an effect greater than if  each element was used separately or sequentially (ADP 3-0).  

1-22. 掌握战术科学对于领导者了解物理和程序限制是必要的。这些限制包括任务变量的影响或交战规则对友军和敌军能力的影响。

1-22. Mastery of the science of tactics is necessary for leaders to understand physical and procedural  constraints. These constraints include the effects from mission variables or the effects of rules of engagement  on friendly and enemy force capabilities.