维多利亚3开发日志#27 | 12/9 科技

牧游社 牧有汉化翻译

Victoria 3 - Dev Diary #27 – Technology

lachek, Victoria 3 Lead Designer

Welcome back to another Victoria 3 development diary! Today we will talk about something we've already had to touch on in numerous previous dev diaries, as it is a topic crucial to every part of the game: Technology.

欢迎来到维多利亚3的新一篇开发日志！今天我们将会谈一些在往期开发日志中已经大量提及的内容，因为它对游戏中每个部分都至关重要：科技Technology。

The Victorian era saw revolutionary progress in three major areas: industry, military, and politics. The rise of automation and free enterprise brought about the promise of immense material wealth for anyone willing and able to put in the work. Military technology - on land, at sea, and eventually even in the air - progressed so rapidly it could render a nation's centuries-old doctrines obsolete overnight. And along with these material changes came a fundamental reorganisation of the societies themselves - sometimes by redistributing power from the ancient noble regimes to benefit the common people, and at other times by reigning such democracies in through entirely novel power structures made up of bureaucrats, business magnates, or populist autocratic strongmen.

维多利亚时代见证了三个主要领域的革命性发展：工业、军事和政治。自动化和自由企业的发展，将海量物质财富的前景带给了每一位有意愿有能力工作的人。军事科技——在陆地、海洋、最终在天空，发展如此迅速，让一个国家沿用数世纪的老式教条一夜之间过时。随着物质改变而来的，是社会自身的根本性重组——有时将旧日贵族政权的权力重新分配以造福普罗大众，而有时官僚、商业巨贾或民粹独裁者组成的全新政治结构统御起民主体制。

These three revolutions are represented in Victoria 3 through three distinct tech trees: Production, Military, and Society. Within each tree, the many technologies your country will discover through each game are organised such that each tech both requires one or several others and leads to one or several others. Modders might be interested to know that each tree automatically rebuilds and reorganises itself whenever changes are made, to make it pain-free to add, remove, or change the tech trees without having to tinker with tree layout or static image files.

这三种革命性发展在维多利亚3中表现为三个不同的科技树：生产Production、军事Military和社会Society科技。在每一个科技树上，有待你的国家去探索发现的诸多科技按以下方式组织起来：一项科技可能前置需要一项或者多项科技，并且能够解锁一项或者多项科技。Modder可能会有兴趣了解的是，每当作出改动时，每一个科技树都会自动重建和重组，以使添加、删除或改动科技树的工作易如反掌，而不必对科技树的布局或静态图像文件进行调整。

To research Shaft Mining, which permits the construction of mining industries, you need both Enclosure (which permits private ownership of land) and Manufactories (which lets you establish basic industries that make finished products). Shaft Mining itself leads to Prospecting (which increases your chance of discovering new resources), Steelworking (which lets you build Steel Mills), and the Atmospheric Engine, a building-sized early steam engine employed to pump water out of mine shafts. Industrialised countries start the game with most or all of these technologies.

为研究允许建设采矿工业的竖井Shaft Mining，你需要圈地Enclosure（允许土地私有权）和工厂Manufactories（让你能建立生产最终产品的基础工业）。竖井自身会解锁勘探Prospecting（增加你发现新资源的几率）、炼钢Steelworking（让你能建炼钢厂），和纽可门蒸汽机Atmospheric Engine，一种建筑大小的早期蒸汽机，用于从矿井中抽水。工业化国家开局已经拥有大多数或者所有这些科技。

Production technologies are all about increasing your economic capacity in various ways. These tend to be very concrete inventions, such as Cotton Gin which increases the output of Cotton Plantations and Dynamite which can be employed for increased yields in all kinds of Mines. On some occasions they are more abstract, such as Enclosure which is a prerequisite for construction of modern, privately owned farms and ranches or Shift Work which more effectively utilises labor in your manufacturing industries. Production technologies also include advances to Railways, and some even unlock Goods unknown at the start of the game such as Rubber, Electricity, and Automobiles.

生产Production科技用各种方式增加你的经济能力。这些科技倾向于具体的发明，例如轧花机Cotton Gin增加棉花种植园的产量，雷管Dynamite的使用能增加矿井的产量。有些情况下他们更加抽象，例如圈地Enclosure是建造现代私有农牧场的先决条件，又或者轮班Shift Work可以高效利用制造业中的劳动力。生产科技同样包括高级至铁路Railways的科技，甚至有些会解锁游戏开始时未知的商品，例如橡胶、电力和汽车。

Military technologies improve your army and navy. These consist of a mix of new weapon technologies, doctrines, and ways of organising your Servicemen and Officers. Rifling lets you switch Production Methods from Muskets to Rifles in your Arms Industries, increasing their Small Arms production. Trench Infantry, once employed in your Barracks, organises your Battalions for trench warfare, which requires greater access to Small Arms but establishes a more reliable supply of manpower and causes fewer provinces to be lost when territory must be yielded to the enemy. The naval part of the tree is mostly dedicated to the invention of new ship types, but also includes a few new naval strategies that unlock or improve the effectiveness of certain naval Orders as well as upgrades to civilian Ports to improve your Supply Network and trade capacity.

军事Military科技改进你的陆海军。这些科技包含了新武器技术、军事学说和军人军官的组织方式。来复枪Rifling让你能将武器工业的生产方式从滑膛枪切换为来复枪，增加其轻武器产量。战壕步兵Trench Infantry一旦在军营中被雇员，你的营将按照战壕战的要求来组织，这需要大量的轻武器，但是会建立一个更可靠的人力补给，并且领土必被敌方占领时所丢失的省份更少。军事科技树的海军部分几乎专注于发明新船，但同样包含一些海军战术，能解锁或者增强特定的海军命令，还包含升级你的民用港口来改进你的补给网络和贸易能力。

Society technologies are all about new ideas for organising society. These include ideas pertaining to politics, finance, and diplomacy to name a few. Democracy permits the enactment of various voting franchise Laws as well as Republican principles of governing. Pan-Nationalism is a requirement for forming certain larger countries, and leads to Political Agitation which both makes your population more politically active and also gives you more Authority to deal with them. Several political ideas in this tree also unlocks specific Ideologies which may appear from that point on alongside new Interest Group Leaders and shake up the political landscape you had so carefully tuned, such as Feminism and Anarchism. Just as techs in the Production tree often unlock Production Methods, Society techs often unlock Laws - or Ideologies that can lend support for Laws previously thought utterly absurd by the political establishment.

社会Society科技是关于社会组织的新理念。这些理念属于政治、金融和外交等等领域。民主Democracy允许你激活多种选举权法律，以及共和统治原则。泛民族主义Pan-Nationalism是组建一些大国所需的，还会解锁政治煽动Political Agitation，让你的人民在政治上更加活跃，并给予你更多权威力来管理他们。这个科技树上的一些政治理念也会解锁一些特殊的意识形态，这些意识形态可能会与新的利益集团领袖一起出现，并动摇你精心调整的政治格局，如女权主义Feminism和无政府主义Anarchism。就像生产科技树中经常解锁生产方式一样，社会科技也会经常解锁法律或者意识形态，这些意识形态可能会导致群众支持以前被建制派认为完全荒谬的法律。

In addition, Society technologies include improvements to your country's financial system, such as Central Banking which increases your capacity for minting new currency and unlocks the Diplomatic Actions to Bankroll a country or Take on their Debt, as well as new forms of Institutions like Central Archives that unlock the Secret Police Law / Institution and leads to Identification Documents.

另外，社会科技还包括改进你国家的财政体系，如中央银行Central Banking增加你铸造新币的能力，并解锁外交行动来为其他国家提供资金或者偿还他们的贷款，还包括新式机构像中央档案馆Central Archives，解锁秘密警察Secret Police法律/机构并解锁身份证件Identification Documents。

We are aiming for roundabout 175 of these technologies in the game on release, split up across the three trees. Many countries will start with 20-30 of these technologies already researched, as their starting economies, legal systems, militaries, and diplomatic relations rely on them. On average, leading edge countries will discover perhaps one new technology per year, though this pace can vary greatly from country to country.

我们的目标是，在游戏发售时就拥有175个左右的科技，分布于这三个科技树中。许多国家开始就已经有20-30个科技已经研究，基于各国经济、法律体系、军事和外交关系。平均来说，领先国家将会平均一年解锁一个科技，尽管这个步伐各国可能大有不同。

An early part of the Society tech tree that deals mostly with finance and diplomacy. While a pre-industrial country might want to prioritise crucial Production technologies, missing out on elementary Society ideas that let you adjust Relations or perform effective International Trade is inadvisable. A rapidly developing country without allies could easily fall under the influence of an ambitious Great Power.

社会科技树的早期部分，主要涉及到金融和外交。虽然一个前工业化的国家可能想要优先考虑关键的生产科技，但跳过能让你调整关系或者进行有效国际贸易的初级社会理念是不可取的。一个快速发展的国家，如果没有盟友，很容易被一个野心勃勃的列强所影响。

Embarking on the research of a new technology is a simple matter of clicking on the tech in the tree you’d like to focus on, and time will take care of the rest. But time is perhaps your most precious resource in Victoria 3, since falling behind your neighbours could be a death sentence - or at least might force you to cede your right to self-determination. The pace at which your research progresses is therefore of the utmost importance.

开始一项新科技的研究非常简单：只需点击科技树上你想关注的科技，然后等待时间流逝即可。但是在维多利亚3中，时间可能是你最为宝贵的资源，因为落后于你的邻国可能会宣告你的死刑——或者至少可能迫使你放弃你的自主权。因此，你科研进展的速度是非常重要的。

The rate by which countries develop new technologies is measured by Innovation. All countries start with a small amount of Innovation capacity. Those countries who can afford to do so can construct and fund University buildings, which employ Academics and Clerks to boost Innovation and thereby speed up the pace at which a country discovers new things.

国家发展新科技的速度是由创新力Innovation来衡量的。所有的国家在游戏开始时都有少量的创新力容量。那些能负担得起的国家可以通过建造和赞助大学建筑、雇佣学者和职员来促进创新，从而加快一个国家研发新科技的速度。

Another way to improve research speed is to ensure the Industrialists, Armed Forces, or Intelligentsia are satisfied with the state of the country, as this will cause the effective cost of Production, Military, and Society techs respectively to drop. If only one of these groups are pleased with the society you've built, this will incentivize focusing your research on that tree since it's relatively advantageous. As a result, a country with a large army and Laws favouring Patriotic, Loyalist, and Jingoist Ideologies would also progress faster in their Military technologies, though they may fall behind on Production and Society.

另一个提高研究速度的方法是确保工厂主、武装部队或知识分子对国家的现状满意，因为这些会分别导致生产、军事和社会科技的有效成本下降。如果这些群体中只有一个对你的社会表示满意，这将激励你把研究的重点放在这个方面的科技树上（因为相对有优势）。所以，一个有着庞大军队、支持爱国主义、忠诚主义和沙文主义的国家在军事科技上发展会更快，尽管可能会在生产和社会科技上落后。

The amount of Innovation you can use to actively research your chosen technology is capped by your country's Literacy. Even if your Universities are top-notch, your country's ability to effectively incorporate new learnings will be hampered by a poorly educated population. Those countries who aim to be the guiding light of global progress must maintain a solid primary school system in addition to Universities that carry out their research.

你可以用来主动研究你所选科技的创新力，被你国家的识字率所限制。即使你的大学是一流的，你的国家有效吸收新知识的能力也会因人口受教育程度偏低而受到阻碍。那些旨在成为人类进步灯塔的国家除了大学来开展研究外，也必须保持一个完备的小学系统。

Mexico is evidently on the fast-track of becoming the innovative powerhouse in the Americas, but its current Literacy rate doesn't quite support making full directed use of the Universities they’ve built - for now.

墨西哥显然正处在成为美洲创新强国的快车道上，但其目前的识字率并不完全支持他们充分利用他们的大学——至少暂时如此。

Literacy is a product of a Pop's Education Access. If a given Pop has 30% Education Access, over time 30% of individuals in that Pop will become Literate. The pace by which this value changes is dependent on the birth- and death rate of the Pop, since this sort of learning happens mostly in the early years.

识字率是一个Pop的教育机会Education Access的产物。如果一个Pop有30%的教育机会，随着时间的推移，该Pop中30%的人将成为识字者。这个数值的变化速度取决于居民的出生率和死亡率，因为这种学习主要发生在人生的前期。

A Pop's Wealth provides it with a base level of Education Access, and Wealth often varies substantially depending on Profession, making higher-paid Professions have greater Education Access. However, Literacy is often a limiting factor to a Pop's ability to Qualify for those jobs in the first place, so relying solely on Wealth for Education Access could severely limit your country's social mobility and opportunity for economic growth. This is where your school system comes in.

一个Pop的财富为他提供了教育机会的基本水平，而财富往往因职业的不同而有很大的差异，使得高收入的职业有更大的教育机会。然而，识字率往往是Pop获得这些工作资格的限制因素，所以仅仅依靠财富来获得教育机会可能会严重限制你的国家的社会流动性和经济增长的机会。这就是你的学校系统发挥作用的地方了。

The main source of Education Access comes from the Education Institution, which must be established by a Law and can be run by either the religious authorities, the private sector, or by a public administration depending on your school system Law. Each of these systems have their advantages: a religious school system keeps your priesthood strong and helps ensure unity of faith; a private school system works just peachy for Pops with high Wealth levels and ensures the working class don't get strange ideas; and a public school system lets you enact mandatory schooling for children and encourages cultural assimilation.

教育机会的主要来源是教育机构Education Institution，它必须由法律规定，可以由宗教当局、私人部门或公共行政部门管理，这取决于你的学校体系法律。这些体系都有各自的优势：宗教学校体系使你的神职人员保持强大，并有助于确保信仰的统一；私立学校体系对财富水平高的Pop来说效果很好，并确保工人阶级不会产生奇怪的想法；而公立学校体系可以让你为孩子们制定义务教育，并鼓励文化同化。

A country's Literacy is simply the percentage of their Pops in Incorporated states that know how to read and write at any given point. This means that if the most educated people in your society decide they've had enough and move abroad, your average Literacy will drop, to the benefit of the other country. If a war utterly devastates the backwaters of your nation and slaughters the hundreds of thousands you conscripted to defend it, your average Literacy might increase.

一个国家的识字率是指在任何给定的时间点上，他们的Pop中懂得阅读和写作的百分比。这意味着，如果你的社会中受教育程度最高的人决定他们已经受够了并移居国外，你的平均识字率将下降，这对其他国家有利。如果一场战争彻底摧毁了你们国家的落后地区，并屠杀了你们征召来保卫国家的数十万人，你们的平均识字率可能会提高。

After the Texan revolutionary War, these Clerks found themselves once again subjects of Mexico. While they currently all know how to read and write, their offspring are unlikely to enjoy the same benefits. Mexico has no formal school system in place and their Wealth doesn't buy much of an education. To add insult to injury the Catholic Church Interest Group in Mexico is currently spreading Pious Fiction to ensure the children aren't led astray by heretical ideas. The next generation of Clerks are unlikely to qualify to follow in their parents' footsteps.

德克萨斯革命战争后，这些职员发现自己再次成为墨西哥的臣民。虽然他们目前都知道如何阅读和写作，但他们的后代不太可能享受同样的好处。墨西哥没有正式的学校系统，他们的财富并不能买到多少教育。雪上加霜的是，墨西哥的天主教会利益集团目前正在传播虔诚叙事，以确保孩子们不会被异端思想带入歧途。下一代职员不太可能有资格追随他们父母的脚步。

All technology is organised into Eras, which are rough estimates of progress through the game's timespan. Anything in Era I is considered pre-1836 technology, going back as far as the very idea of Rationalism to the invention of Steelworking. Era II ranges from the start of the game to around the 1860s - Railways and Percussion Cap ammunition both belong here (though some countries did have railways a little earlier than 1836; this is not an exact science). Era III runs from the early 1860s to the end of the 1880s, and includes Civilizing Mission as a justification for colonisation and Pumpjacks, heralding the rise of the oil industry. Era IV from late 1880 to the early 20th century includes both War Propaganda and Film, both which might make it easier to justify the horrors which are to come in Era V - including Battleships, Chemical Warfare, and Stormtroopers. Era V also sees truly modern civilian inventions such as the Oil Turbine to make Electricity from Oil and Paved Roads to improve your national infrastructure.

所有的科技都按照时代Eras分类，这个概念是关于游戏时间段内科技进步的大致估计。所有时代Ⅰ内的科技都被认为是1836年前的科技，可以一路追溯到理性主义的概念和炼钢技术的发明。时代Ⅱ则是从游戏开始到19世纪60年代前后——铁路和火帽弹药都属于这个时代（尽管有些国家比1836年稍早一点的时候就有了铁路，但这套系统本来也不是什么精准科学嘛）。时代Ⅲ是从19世纪60年代早期到80年代末期这段时间，包括了用于正当化殖民的教化使命，以及预示着石油工业崛起的抽油机。时代Ⅳ指的是从19世纪80年代末期到20世纪早期这段时间，包括了战争宣传和电影，两者或许都能让为时代Ⅴ中的恐怖之物辩护的工作容易一些——包括战列舰、化学战、暴风突击队。时代Ⅴ也会有一些真正的现代文明创造，比如利用石油发电的燃油涡轮机，和用于改善你全国的基础设施状况的铺装路面。

The Eras act as an indicator of roughly where you are at in a given tree, but also serves a role in ensuring that rushing a certain late-game technology is difficult. Not only do technologies in later Eras take more innovative effort to research, but each technology you have not yet researched in that tree from previous Eras makes it harder and harder to make progress. This means techs aren't unlocked on specific years in Victoria 3, and there is never a hard block preventing you from making your Universities develop technologies earlier than they were historically invented. But keep in mind that it's a less efficient use of time and resources, so ensure that acquiring that technology ahead of everyone else is actually crucial for your strategy, as it will not come easily.

时代主要是作为你在某个科技树里大致处于什么地方的指标，但也用于确保一些游戏晚期的科技难以研究。更靠后的时代里的科技不仅需要更多的创新力来研究，该科技树中的之前时代的每个未研究科技也都会让取得进展更加困难。这意味着在维多利亚3中科技并不是带某个特定年份解锁的，也没有硬性阻碍来阻止你的大学在某些科技在历史上出现之前就去研究这些科技。不过别忘了，这样在时间和资源上就不太有效率了，所以如果你打算抢在所有人前边获取某个科技，这个科技最好对你的战略非常关键，毕竟代价不菲。

Trying to take a shortcut from the Atmospheric Engine (Era I) through Water-tube Boiler (II) and Rotary Valve Engine (III) straight to Combustion Engine (IV) so you’re able to manufacture Automobiles in the mid-1800s is certainly possible given enough money and grit, but would be far from the best use of your resources. Even skipping a few Era III Production techs before going for the Combustion Engine could easily yield this 30% time penalty, the difference which might buy you a whole Era III tech. Besides, you might want to research Rubber Mastication and set up a few Rubber Plantations before you start building Automobiles, unless you want your factories to be wholly dependent on foreign rubber for the tires...

只要有足够的钱和毅力，抄捷径直接研究内燃机（时代Ⅳ），一路直接经过纽可门蒸汽机（时代Ⅰ）、水管锅炉（时代Ⅱ）和旋转阀发动机（时代Ⅲ），从而在19世纪中期造出汽车是完全可行的，但是这离你资源的最佳用途就相去甚远了。哪怕只是在研究内燃机之前跳过几个时代Ⅲ的生产科技也会产生30%的时间惩罚，这个额外的花费或许都能让你多研究一个时代Ⅲ的科技。另外，你可能也想先研究一下橡胶塑炼，再建造几个橡胶种植园，之后再造汽车，除非你想让你的工厂完全依赖外来橡胶去造轮胎。

The final yet crucial point about technological development is that government funding and steering of national research is not the dominant way most countries are exposed to new ideas. For each of the three categories of technology (Production, Military, and Society) there is always one technology that is spreading in your country. Which exact tech that spreads to you in each category is out of your hands, but it will always be something in your current technological Era which has already been invented elsewhere.

最后一个关于科技进步的要点是，政府资助和国家研究的指引并非是大多数国家接受新理念的主要方式。对于三大类科技（生产、军事、社会）中的任意一种，总会有一个科技在你的国家内扩散。一个大类中到底是哪个科技在扩散不是你能控制的，但这总会是你当前的科技时代中的某个科技，且已经在其它地方被研发出来。

The speed by which technology spreads to you is highly dependent on your population's Literacy. In addition, any Innovation you generate in excess of the Literacy cap is funnelled into improving tech spread rate. In other words, oversizing your Universities compared to your school system can assist in catching up to the rest of the world but can never be used to get ahead of the others.

科技扩散到你这边的速率主要取决于你人口的识字率。另外，只要你产生的创新力超过了识字率上限，就总是会被转移到改善科技扩散速率上。换句话说，把你的大学扩编到超过你的学校体系所能支持的程度，可以帮助你跟上世界其他国家的科技进度，但是没法靠这个超过别人。

Technology spread is also affected by your Freedom of Speech Laws. Stricter censorship provides you with more Authority but hinders the assimilation of new knowledge throughout your country. This is often to your detriment but could also very well be exactly what you intended! The downside of having a well-educated population is that they get exposed to foreign ideas more easily, and some of those ideas might not be what you had in mind. A bit more state control over what people are allowed to talk about can help keep your population focused on the ideas you want them to know about.

科技扩散也会受到你的言论自由法律的影响。更严格的审查会给你提供更多的权威力，但也会在你的国家各处阻碍对新知识的整合。一般来说这会对你不利，但也可能正是你想要的！拥有一批受过良好教育的人口的缺点则是他们会更容易被外来理念所影响，而这些理念可能不是你想要的。在国家层面稍微多控制一点人们能说什么能让你的人民更加关注你想让他们了解的东西。

The technology system in Victoria 3 is meant to shape and change the game as your campaign evolves. While a few techs apply straight bonuses to various attributes of your country, the primary function of most techs is to unlock new actions, options, and even challenges. Very often, discovering a new technology doesn't have any immediate effect on your country but gives you new ways to run your country and new tools in your toolbox. The introduction of new inventions and ideas can also act as a catalyst for emerging situations in your country, with certain parts of your populace demanding these new developments be adopted - or shunned. Much of this is driven by the Journal system which we will talk more about in a few weeks, but before that we will cover another feature of crucial importance to grand strategy games - Flags! See you next week!

维多利亚3中的科技系统的目的，就是在游戏局向前进展的同时塑造和改变游戏。虽然有几个科技只是给你的国家的许多属性直接提供加成，但大多数科技的主要作用还是解锁新的行动、选项，甚至是挑战。经常出现的情况是，发现一个新科技不会对你的国家有任何立竿见影的效果，但会为你提供运营国家的新方式，在你的工具箱内增加新的工具。引入新的发明和理念也可以成为你的国家内正在酝酿的局势的催化剂，你人民中的一部分会要求引入这些新的发展成果——也可能要求完全避开这些东西。这个系统主要会由报刊Journal系统所驱动，接下来的几周我们会好好说说这个，但在那之前，我们会说一个大战略游戏中至关重要的特性——旗帜Flags！下周见！

翻译：口袋姚怪 没有V3玩我要死了 AntiAccess

校对：三等文官猹中堂

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