英专学硕-外语语言学-考研笔记-3-4-1
Chapter THREE——「Words and Morphology」
3-1——「Words」
3-2——「Morpheme」
3-3——「Morphology」
3-4——「Morpheme-oriented Change」
3-4-1——「Lexical Change」
3-4-1-1
词的添加有以下八种方式，
Coinage/Invention[共]
Clipped Words/Abbreviation[共]
Blending[共]
Acronyms[共]
Back-Formation[共]
Borrowing[共-淡化该考点]
Analogical Creation[胡第三版-不考就删掉了]
Functional Shift[戴]
Coinage/Invention[共]
[混搭]发明法又称造词，为达到目的而直接造的词，多数是新东西或新物品，常见于有活力的科技或经济领域。
比如直接用厂商名或商标作为商品的名字，如iPhone, Chanel, Coca Cola, Volvo. 再比如以发现者命名的化学元素、地区。以卓越贡献者命名的飞机、火箭等。
【名词解释】——Invention, also called coinage, a new words can be coined outright to fit some purpose, mostly for new things or objects from dynamic technological and economic activities. Such as the way that new lexical items come directly from their brand names, such as Iphone, Chanel, Coca Cola, Volve.
Clipped Words/Abbreviation[共]
【名词解释】——[星火]Abbreviation, also called Clipping, refers to a way of shortening a longer word into a shorter form.
[戴]Clipping refers to the abbreviation of longer words or phrases.
如Dec.十二月 Oct.十月
gym. from gymnasium健身房
expo. from exposition展览会
memo. from memorandum回忆录
disco. from discotheque舞厅
ad. from advertisement广告
info. from information消息
math from mathematics数学
lab from laboratory实验室
也不一定是截断后保留前者，
plane from aeroplane
flu from influenza
Blending[共]——
如smoke+fog=smog烟雾
motor+hotel=motel汽车旅馆
breakfast+lunch=brunch早午饭
transfer+resistor=transistor晶体管
teleprinter+exchange=telex电传
communication+satellite=comsat通讯卫星
spoon+fork=spork勺叉
situation+comedy=sitcom情景喜剧
camera+recorder=camcorder
video+telephone=videotelephone
taikong+astronaut=taikonaut太空宇航员
【名词解释】——[混搭] Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding in which
two words are blended by parts of them to create a new word.
Acronyms[共]——
如FBI、USA、IT、SOC、TOEFL、IELTS
【名词解释】——[戴]Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words.
[胡]Acronyms are words created by combining the first letters of several words.
名词解释，可以添加“with capital form of letters.”, 此外，如果嫌字数不够，可以往上说其概念所属的章节，往上一级说“是生成新词的其中一种情况，属于形态学的内容。”
Back-Formation[共]——
automate⬅automation
donate⬅donation
televise⬅television
negate⬅negation
beg⬅beggar
surveil⬅surveillance
peddle⬅peddler
edit⬅editor
burgle⬅burglar
hawk⬅hawker
[胡第三版+星火]It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a new shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.
Borrowing[共]——
【名词解释】It is also called loan, which means the words have been borrowed from other language.
这一部分仅出现在[胡-第三版]，而[戴]相关没有对其分析的考点，目测仅作为常识去了解。
英语在其发展过程中，通过借用其他语言的单词来设法扩充词汇。希腊语、拉丁语、法语、西班牙语、阿拉伯语及其他语言在这个扩充过程中都发挥了很大的作用。从整个历史来看,英语从各种语言中采用了大量的单词。
(a). Loanwords，指形式和意义都是借用的，但有时为了适应英语的语音系统而存在细小的变化。
E.g. tea茶
au pair平等互惠的
encore要求再次表演
coup d’etat政变
al fresco户外露天的
moccasin鹿皮鞋
(b). Loanblend，指形式上一部分来自本土，一部分来自外来语，但意义完全是借用的。
E.g. coconut椰子
Chinatown唐人街
(c). Loanshift，指意义是借用的，但形式来自本土。
E.g. bridge当它指纸牌游戏时，就是借用意大利语的ponte.
artificial satellite人造卫星，意义来自俄语sputnik人造地球卫星。
(d). Loan translation，指的是用本土语言翻译过来的词。
E.g. almighty就是按照字面意思从拉丁语的ominpotens翻译过来的。
Loan translation，也叫Calque, 它可以是一个词，也可以是短语。
E.g. free verse从拉丁语verse libre翻译过来的；black humor从法语humour noir翻译而来的；found object来自法语的objet trouve.
Analogical Creation类推构造——
指一些词有规则和不规则的两种变化形式，这可以用类推构成来解释。
work→wrought/worked
learn→learnt/learned
hang→hung/hanged
Functional Shift——
Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes or any other change, which is also called conversion.
可以理解为一个词的词类活用！
