K400V2S09S2Q1-Q10解析

Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.  

Arts/music

Afican American / soul music / popular music

灵魂音乐的没落

①African American soul music's commercial influence gradually declined during the early 1970s as newer styles such as funk and disco began to dominate the airwaves and other, larger changes occurred within the American music industry. ②After the Second World War, African American popular music had largely been the province of independent record labels. ③By the 1970s, though, these labels were either going out of business or, to an increasing degree, coming under the control of major corporations. ④This shift had dire consequences for the production of soul music, whereas independent labels had achieved success through a skillful balance of commercial and artistic considerations, the emphasis now became fixed upon marketing a product, resulting in the more individualized voices in African American popular music being quelled. 

非裔美国人灵魂音乐的商业影响在 1970 年代初期逐渐下降，因为放克和迪斯科等较新的风格开始在广播中占据主导地位，同时美国音乐界发生了其他更大的变化。 二战后，非裔美国流行音乐在很大程度上是独立唱片公司的领地。 然而，到了 1970 年代，这些品牌要么倒闭，要么越来越多地受到大公司的控制。 这种转变对灵魂音乐的制作产生了严重的后果，虽然独立唱片公司通过巧妙地平衡商业和艺术考虑而取得了成功，但现在重点转向了营销产品，导致非裔美国流行音乐中更加个性化的声音逐渐消失。

1. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the independent record labels? 

细节题 中

定位在文章第4句中的whereas

D

A. They focused entirely African American popular music. 相反，与popular music分属不同阵营

B. They refused to produce disco music, viewing it as too commercial. 没有证据

C. They preferred going into bankruptcy to losing their creative autonomy. 没有比较的证据

D. They accounted for both artistic quality and popular appeal in producing soul music. 

E. They reacted to the decline of soul music by emphasizing more individualized voices. 无关/没有证据

2. The passage suggests which of the following about “the more individualized voices”?  

细节题 推断题 中

B

A. They were speaking out against corporate control of the music industry in the 1070s.  他们公开反对公司在70年代对音乐产业的控制。 没有证据

B. They were less likely to be promoted by major corporations than by independent labels.  符合3、4句

C. Their number grew significantly between the end of the Second World War and the 1970s. 相反

D. They were largely responsible for the emergence of new musical styles in the 1970s.  没有responsible的证据

E. Their lack of concern for business led to the decline of independent music labels. 没有证据

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage: 

Sciences/astronomy

Earth / habitability / life

地外生命存在的条件

①Since Earth is the only habitable planet known to humankind, the orbital and physical characteristics of Earth are used to define a habitable planet. ②In other words, habitability is the characteristic of an environment which has similar properties as those of Earth, and the capability of developing and sustaining Earthly life.  

①The statement above implies that the fact that the only habitable planet we know is Earth has strongly biased our understanding of the conditions required for life. ②From the astronomers’ point of view, and owing to the essential role that water plays on life on Earth, the definition of a habitable planet is tied to the presence of liquid water. ③However, as simple this definition might be, it has strong connections to a variety of complex interdependent processes that need to be unraveled and understood to make predictions on which planets could be habitable. ④The basic principle is that the surface temperature and pressure of a planet should allow for liquid water. ⑤This is determined by the amount of irradiation that the planet receives from the star, and the response of the planet’s atmosphere. ⑥The latter delicately depends on the composition of the planet, and that in turn determines the heat transport mechanism, cloud presence, and many other atmospheric properties. 

①The irradiation from the star is contingent on the type of the star and the planet’s orbital parameters. ②The atmospheric composition, on the other hand, depends on the in-gassing, outgassing, and escape histories of the planet. ③The in-gassing and out-gassing accounts are intrinsically connected to the interior dynamics of the planet, while atmospheric escape is related to a variety of thermal and non-thermal processes, which themselves are linked to the presence of a magnetic field. ④It is not clear how delicate the balance between these different processes could be. ⑤Nor is it evident if there are different pathways that could yield a habitable planet. ⑥However, the fact that Earth has succeeded in developing life indicates that our planet might have followed one of perhaps many evolutionary paths that resulted naturally in a complex system by the series of steps and bifurcations that it encountered. ⑦It is important to note that the complexity and interdependence of these processes cannot be taken as evidence for the uniqueness of life on Earth. ⑧The road ahead is to understand which planetary characteristics are indispensable, which are facilitating, and which are a byproduct of evolution. ⑨For that purpose, and in order to assess the possibility that a planet (e.g., a super-Earth) may be habitable, a deep understanding of these processes (i.e. interior composition and dynamics, planet’s magnetic field, and atmospheric characteristics) is required. 

由于地球是人类已知的唯一宜居星球，因此地球的轨道和物理特征被用来定义宜居星球。换言之，宜居性是指一个环境具有与地球相似性质的环境特征，具有发展和维持地球生命的能力。

上述陈述暗示，我们所知道的唯一宜居星球是地球这一事实严重影响了我们对生命所需条件的理解。 从天文学家的角度来看，由于水对地球生命的重要作用，宜居行星的定义与液态水的存在有关。 然而，尽管这个定义可能很简单，但它与各种复杂的相互依赖的过程有着密切的联系，这些过程需要被阐明和理解，以预测哪些行星可能适合居住。 基本原则是行星的表面温度和压力应该允许液态水存在。 这取决于行星从恒星接收到的辐射量，以及行星大气的响应。 后者微妙地取决于行星的组成，而这反过来又决定了热传输机制、云的存在和许多其他大气特性。

来自恒星的辐射取决于恒星的类型和行星的轨道参数。另一方面，大气成分取决于地球的进气、排气和逃逸历史。进气和排气与行星的内部动力学有着内在的联系，而大气逃逸与各种热和非热过程有关，这些过程本身与磁场的存在有关。目前尚不清楚这些不同过程之间的平衡有多微妙。也不清楚是否有不同的途径可以产生宜居星球。然而，地球已经成功地发展出生命这一事实表明，我们的星球可能遵循了许多进化路径之一，这些进化路径通过它遇到的一系列步骤和分支自然地形成了一个复杂的系统。重要的是要注意，这些过程的复杂性和相互依存性不能作为地球上生命独特性的证据。未来需要了解哪些行星特征是必不可少的，哪些是促进因素，哪些是进化的副产品。为此目的，并且为了评估行星（例如超级地球）可能适合居住的可能性，需要深入了解这些过程（即内部成分和动力学、行星磁场和大气特征）。

3. The primary purpose of the passage is to 

功能题 主旨题 中

文章探讨了想要了解一颗行星是否可以居住还有很长的路要走。

D

A. evaluate multiple views of the criteria generally used to judge the habitability of planets 并未评价多种观点

B. analyze predictions that have been made regarding the habitability of particular planets 分析对于特定行星是否宜居的预测。没有预测

C. show how the bias is favor of Earth-like planets has limited the search for habitable planets 以偏概全。

D. discuss some factors that contribute to the difficulty of assessing the habitability of planets 符合

E. describe the conditions under which planets are most likely to become habitable 干扰选项。目前还并不知道需要哪些条件

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

4. The author suggests that the “amount of irradiation that the planet receives from the star” is affected by the  

细节题 推断题 中

BC

A. composition of the planet’s atmosphere 干扰。不要被3段2句带走。

B. planet’s orbital parameters 有，3段1句

C. nature of the star 有，3段1句

5. The author would most likely agree with which statement about liquid water? 

态度题 中

E

A. The conditions allowing for the presence of liquid water on a planet are primarily dependent on the planet’s orbital parameters. 无关

B. The conditions allowing for the presence of liquid water on Earth are so complex and interdependent as to be unrepeatable elsewhere. 没有unrepeatable的证据

C. It may be possible for planets with otherwise identical characteristics to differ with regard to the presence of liquid water. 相反/没有证据

D. It may be possible for liquid water to form regardless of the amount of irradiation that a planet receives from its star. 相反

E. It may be possible for liquid water to form on planets whose properties are not identical to those of Earth. 符合

6. The author’s reference to “different pathways” primarily serves to 

功能题 目的题 中

作者想表达的是生命演化路径有很多，不止一条，确定是哪一条很复杂，但是没有哪一条很特殊。

E

A. substantiate an alternative explanation 证实另一种解释

B. rebut a competing account 反驳一个对立观点。

C. acknowledge a weakness in a theory 承认一个不足

D. explain an assumption made in a model 解释一个假设

E. indicate a lack of certainty regarding a topic 表达一种不确定

生词摘录：

bifurcation 分支，分叉

Question 7 is based on this passage: 

Sciences

Tea / polyphenol / cancer

茶多酚可以预防癌症

Tea is rich in compounds called polyphenols, which are similar to certain compounds known to help prevent cancer. Among people in Japan, those who drink over ten cups of tea per day have lower rates of stomach cancer than others. On average, people in Japan drink much more tea than people in the United States and have lower rates of lung cancer. It is therefore likely that polyphenols also help prevent cancer. 

茶富含称为多酚的化合物，与已知有助于预防癌症的某些化合物相似。 在日本人中，每天喝超过 10 杯茶的人患胃癌的几率低于其他人。 平均而言，日本人喝的茶比美国人多得多，肺癌的发病率也较低。 因此，多酚也可能有助于预防癌症。

7. Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the argument? 

逻辑单题 逻辑支持 中

排他因，或否命题，或提供新证据。

A

A. Smoking, a known cause of lung cancer, is more common in Japan than it is in the United states. 抽烟还比美国普遍，肺癌都少。提供了新证据，可以加强。

B. Few people in the United States drink more than ten cups of tea per day. 干扰选项。美国几乎没人每天喝超过10杯茶。只是加强（或者说复述）了原文中的证据，不能加强原论断。

C. Stomach cancer is much more common in Japan than it is in the United States. 可能会削弱

D. Soy products, which are known to help prevent cancer, are more widely used in Japan than in the United States.  会削弱

E. Coffee, which like tea is a source of caffeine, is more popular in the United States than in Japan. 说明不了问题，不能加强。

生词摘录：

polyphenol 茶多酚

Questions 8 to 10 are based on this passage: 

Arts/history

New Jersey / gender / suffrage clause / enfranchisement

新泽西的女性选举权

①In 1776, the state of New Jersey adopted a constitution that ignored gender in its suffrage clause, defining voters simply as adult residents worth at least fifty pounds. ②After 1776, women routinely participated in the state's electoral process, until, in 1807, the state legislature passed a law redefining voters solely as adult, White, male, tax-paying citizens. ③Political historians have been perplexed by New Jersey's deviation from the established norm of exclusive male suffrage, finding no sign of public agitation either for or against the voting rights of women prior to their enfranchisement in 1776 or disenfranchisement in 1807. ④Consequently historians, downplaying the extent to which suffrage was the result of careless constitutional construction, viewed the 1807 disenfranchisement as a legislative effort to remedy this carelessness. ⑤Yet examination of revolutionary-era manuscripts indicates that the 1776 suffrage clause underwent close legislative scrutiny that led to several significant changes, thus, the absence of gender references in the final version was probably not accidental. ⑥Indeed, the evidence suggests that New Jersey's legislators believed that all who possessed sufficient net worth were entitled to vote. ⑦However, they also saw the net worth qualification as serving to prevent an over-democratization of the voting process. 

1776 年，新泽西州通过了一项宪法，在其选举权条款中忽略了性别，将选民简单地定义为净值超过 50 英镑的成年居民。1776 年以后，妇女通常参与了该州的选举过程，直到 1807 年，州立法机构通过了一项法律，将选民重新定义为成年、白人、男性、纳税公民。政治历史学家对新泽西州背离男性专有权的既定规范感到困惑，在1776 年女性有选举权之前或是1807 年妇女被剥夺选举权，都没有发现任何支持或反对妇女投票权的公开鼓动迹象。因此，历史学家认为女性当时能选举是立法粗心的结果，而1807 年的取消女性选举权是为了纠正这个粗心。然而，对革命时期手稿的检查表明，1776 年的选举权条款经过了严格的立法审查，那时还带来了一些重大变化，因此，最终版本中没有提及性别可能并非偶然。事实上，证据表明新泽西州的立法者认为，所有拥有足够净资产的人都有权投票。然而，他们也认为净资产资格有助于防止投票过程过度民主化。

8. The author of the passage takes the "significant changes" to be an indication of which of the following? 

细节题 易

是为了表明当时并不是无心之失。

A

A. That the suffrage clause was not established without critical examination 符合

B. That there was little consensus among legislators regarding the final version of the 1776 suffrage clause 没有证据

C. That the 1776 suffrage clause was not a deviation from the norm that prevailed in other states 无关

D. That there was at least some public agitation in favor of voting right for women prior to 1776 没有证据

E. That legislators in 1776 were seriously concerned about the over-democratization of the voting process 没有证据/无关

9. Which of the following best describes the function of the last sentence of the passage? 

功能题 目的题 中

顺承服务上一句信息

C

A. To suggest that New Jersey legislators in 1776 were insincere in their commitment to voting rights for women 没有insincere的证据

B. To indicate that there was a lack of consensus among New Jersey legislators regarding the final version of the 1776 suffrage clause 没有consensus的证据

C. To indicate that the New Jersey legislators in 1776 did not favor unqualified access to voting rights 新泽西的立法者不希望看到不受限制的投票权。符合

D. To undermine the evidence suggesting that New Jersey legislators in 1776 believed that all who possessed sufficient net worth were entitled to vote 相反

E. To suggest that the absence of gender references in the final version of the 1776 suffrage clause may have been accidental 相反

10. The author of the passage suggests that if there had been public agitation regarding voting rights for women in New Jersey prior to 1776, then this agitation would have 

细节题 推断题 中

C

A. been largely in opposition to voting rights for women rather than in favor of those rights 没有证据

B. exerted an important influence on the final version of the 1776 New Jersey suffrage clause 有干扰。无关

C. potentially provided historians with an explanation for the New Jersey legislators in 1776 regarding voting rights 更加贴合第三句信息

D. made New Jersey’s political culture less unusual in comparison to other states 没有证据

E. made it less likely that New Jersey would disenfranchise women sometime after 1776 没有证据

生词摘录：

deviation 偏离