What is the SDRs? 什么是特别提款权？

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What is GDP? 什么是 GDP？

How do you measure the size of an entire economy? Let's say I buy a coffee here in London for three pounds. Those three pounds are factored into the United Kingdom's GDP and so is this barista’s salary and this espresso machine. In fact, most of what's around you is part of GDP. GDP is an important gauge of the overall health of an economy. It stands for gross domestic product. Simply put, GDP measures the total value of all goods and services in a country. That means it measures a lot of stuff worth a lot of money. Here in the UK GDP is around two and a half trillion dollars per year. In the United States, the world's biggest economy, it's around nineteen trillion dollars every year. How do you get to these numbers? While you can calculate GDP in a few different ways, but the most commonly used equation goes like this, consumption plus investment plus government spending plus net exports equals GDP. 如何衡量整个经济体的规模?假设我在伦敦花3英镑买了一杯咖啡。这三英镑被计入了英国的GDP，还有这个咖啡师的工资和这台浓缩咖啡机。事实上，你周围的大部分东西都是GDP的一部分。GDP是衡量一个经济体整体健康状况的重要指标。它代表国内生产总值。简单地说，GDP衡量的是一个国家所有商品和服务的总价值。这意味着它衡量了很多价值不菲的东西。英国国内生产总值大约是每年两万五千亿美元。在世界最大的经济体美国，每年大约有19万亿美元。你是怎么得到这些数字的?虽然你可以用几种不同的方法来计算GDP，但最常用的方程是这样的，消费+投资+政府支出+净出口等于GDP。

Let's break that down. Consumption is another way of saying consumer spending. It's the money you or I spend on physical goods like coffee and services like a haircut. In many developed economies like the UK or the US, consumer spending makes up more than half of the country's GDP. The second part of the GDP equation is investment. This measures how much businesses spend on things like buildings, land and equipment. It also includes a major consumer investment, buying a home. Investment can take a hit when the economy is suffering. You can see in this chart domestic business investment plummeted in the US during the financial crisis. That's because companies were trying to save money instead of putting it towards things like factories, machinery and equipment. OK, now we get to government spending. This is the money local, state and national governments spend on things like roads, schools and defense. Government spending varies a lot depending on each country's approach to public goods and services. Take for example France, where government spending amounts to roughly 56% of GDP. That's compared to 41% in the UK and 38% in the US. 让我们来分析一下。消费是消费支出的另一种说法。它指的是你或我花在咖啡等实物商品和理发等服务上的钱。在英国或美国等许多发达经济体，消费者支出占该国GDP的一半以上。GDP等式的第二部分是投资。该指数衡量的是企业在建筑、土地和设备等方面的支出。它还包括一项主要的消费投资，即买房。经济不景气时，投资可能会受到打击。你可以从这张图表中看到，在金融危机期间，美国国内企业投资大幅下降。这是因为公司试图省钱，而不是把钱花在工厂、机器和设备上。好了，现在我们来谈谈政府开支。这是地方、州和国家政府在道路、学校和国防等方面的支出。政府支出的差异很大，取决于每个国家对公共产品和服务的态度。以法国为例，该国政府支出约占GDP的56%。相比之下，英国的这一比例为41%，美国为38%。

That brings us to the final part of the GDP calculation, net exports or exports minus imports. A lot of countries have negative net exports, meaning they bring in more products than they send out, for example, the UK imports around one billion dollars worth of coffee every year, but only exports around three hundred fifteen million, meaning its net exports of coffee are negative. Countries around the world collect data on consumption, investment, government spending and net exports. This makes GDP a universal measurement and a way for countries to stack up against one another, but it's not just the sum of the equation people look at. You'll often hear about the GDP growth rate or the percentage change in GDP over time. Generally, if an economy is healthy, GDP growth expands. If an economy is in bad shape, GDP growth contracts. Two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth are referred to as a recession. 这就引出了GDP计算的最后一部分，即净出口或出口减去进口。很多国家的净出口为负，这意味着他们进口的产品比出口的多，例如，英国每年进口价值约10亿美元的咖啡，但仅出口约3.15亿美元，这意味着其咖啡净出口为负。世界各国都在收集消费、投资、政府支出和净出口的数据。这使得GDP成为一种通用的衡量标准，也是各国相互竞争的一种方式，但它不仅仅是人们所关注的等式的总和。你会经常听到GDP增长率或GDP随时间变化的百分比。一般来说，如果一个经济体是健康的，GDP增长就会扩大。如果经济状况不佳，GDP增长就会收缩。连续两个季度的GDP负增长被称为经济衰退。

However, GDP doesn't always give a full picture of the economy. Critics say the equation puts too much weight on production and manufacturing and not enough on services and the digital economy. Just think of Spotify. For ten dollars a month, you can listen to unlimited music from a huge range of artists. In the past, you’d have to buy all of those albums separately, with each one contributing to GDP. It's hard to factor a digital service like Spotify into the GDP equation which is used to measuring physical goods. GDP also doesn't measure economic equality and well being. So even if a country is really rich according to GDP, wealth may be spread unevenly. Plus, GDP excludes unpaid work like volunteering for charity or childcare and it doesn't factor in costs like pollution or illegal activity. Some experts have come up with alternative measures to GDP that measure overall happiness and quality of life, but so far none of these have stuck. Maybe it's just too hard to put an economic value on that first sip of Morning Joe. GDP并不总是经济的全貌。批评人士说，这个等式过于重视生产和制造业，而对服务业和数字经济重视不够。想想Spotify吧。每个月花十美元，你就可以无限制地收听来自众多艺术家的音乐。在过去，你必须单独购买所有这些专辑，每一张都对GDP有贡献。很难将Spotify这样的数字服务纳入用于衡量实体商品的GDP方程式中。GDP也不能衡量经济平等和福祉。因此，即使一个国家按照GDP计算真的很富有，但财富的分配可能是不均衡的。此外，GDP不包括无偿工作，如志愿做慈善或照顾孩子，也不考虑污染或非法活动等成本。一些专家提出了替代GDP的方法来衡量总体幸福和生活质量，但到目前为止，这些方法都不可行。也许只是很难给第一口Morning Joe咖啡赋予经济价值。