双语TED-Ed演讲 What is depression？什么是抑郁症？
Depression is the leading cause of disability in the world.
抑郁症是造成全球残疾类疾病的主要原因。
In the United States,close to 10% of adults struggle with depression.
在美国，接近10%的成年人都被抑郁症所困扰。
But because it's a mental illness,it can be a lot harder to understand than,say,high cholesterol.
但是作为一种精神疾病，抑郁症远比像高胆固醇等概念更难理解。
One major source of confusion is the difference between having depression and just feeling depressed.
其中最容易让人混淆的的一点，是患有抑郁症和仅仅只是情绪低落之间的差别。
Almost everyone feels down from time to time.
几乎所有人都有情绪低落的时候。
Getting a bad grade,losing a job,having an argument,even a rainy day can bring on feelings of sadness.
考试失利、被炒鱿鱼、与人争执，甚至一个下雨天都可能会引发情绪失落。
Sometimes there's no trigger at all.
有时甚至是无厘头地消沉。
It just pops up out of the blue.
感伤的情绪就会突然萦绕在心头。
Then sircumstances change,and those sad feelings disappear.
然后柳暗花明，悲伤的情感慢慢褪去。
Clinical depression is different.
但是临床上所讲的抑郁症却截然不同。
It's a medical disorder,and it won't go away just because you want it to.
抑郁症是一种医学上的情绪障碍，它无法通过个人的意志来治愈。
It lingers for at least two consecutive weeks,and significantly interferes with one's ability to work,play,or love.
它会持续至少两周时间，并严重地影响患者的工作状态、行为能力以及情感生活。
Depression can have a lot of different symptoms:a low mood,loss of interest in things you'd normally enjoy,changes in appetite,feeling worthless or excessively guilty,sleeping either too much or too little,poor concentration, restlessness or slowness,loss of energy,or recurrent thoughts of suicide.
抑郁症有很多种不同的症状：情绪低落、对事物失去原有的兴趣、改变食欲、让人自备或者感到极度的负罪感、嗜睡或者失眠、无法集中注意力、焦躁不安、反应迟钝、浑身乏力或者反复升起轻生的念头。
If you have at least five of those symptoms,according to psychiatric guidelines,you qualify for a diagnosis of depression.
如果你有上述症状中的五项甚至更多，依据精神病学，你就可以被判定为患有抑郁症。
And it's not just behavioral symptoms.
不只是行为上的改变。
Depression haas physical manifestations inside the brain.
抑郁症还会导致一些脑部的临床表现。
First of all,there are changes that could be seen with the naked eye and X-ray vision.
首先，有些变化可以用肉眼以及X光片观察到。
This include smaller frontal lobes and hippocampal volumes.
其中包括较小的额叶以及海马体。
On amore microscale,depression is associated with a few things:the abnormal transmission or depletion of certain neurotransmitters,especially serotonin,norepinephrine,and dopamine,blunted circadian rhythms,or specific changes in the REM and slow-wave parts of your sleep cycle,and hormone abnormalities,such as high cortisol and deregulation of thyroid hormones.
从更微观的角度来看，抑郁症与以下几点有关：
某些神经传导物质的异常传递和消耗，尤其是血清素、去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺。
这打乱了生物钟，使睡眠状况发生明显变化
激素分泌紊乱，例如皮质醇偏高以及甲状腺素异常。
But neurosscientists still don't have a complete picture of what cause depression.
但是神经学家仍未能全美诠释导致抑郁症的原因。
It seems to have to do with a complex interaction between genes and environment,but we don't have a diagnostic tool that can accurately predict where or when it will show up.
这可能和基因与环境的相互作用有关，但我们目前还没有有效的方法来准确判断这种作用具体发生的机制。
And because depression symptoms are intangible,it's hard to know who might look fine but is actually struggling.
并且由于抑郁症的病症发生于无形，我们便很难发现那些正为抑郁症所困扰的人们。
According to National Institute of Mental Health,it takes the average person suffering with a mental illness over ten years to ask for help.
根据美国心理健康研究中心的数据，平均每一位患有精神疾病的患者需要花至少10年去寻求帮助。
But there are very effective treatments.
但其实目前有很多有效的治疗方法来帮助抑郁症患者。
Medications and therapy complement each other to boost brain chemicals.
药物治疗配合心理治疗可以促进脑内化学物质的产生。
In extreme cases,electroconvulsive therapy,which is like a controlled seizure in the patient's brain is also very helpful.
在一些特殊的病例中，电休克疗法，即一种类似控制患者大脑进行休克的方法，也对患者很有帮助。
Other promising tratments,like transcranial magnetic stimulation,are being investigated too.
另外，一些很有潜力的治疗方法，比如经颅磁刺激也正在被广泛研究。
So if you know someone struggling with depression,encourage them,gently,to seek out some of these options.
因此，如果你认识某位正饱受抑郁症折磨的人，请鼓励他们从以上的方法中寻求帮助。
You might even offer to help with specific tasks,like looking up therapists in the area,or making a list of questions to ask a docotor.
你甚至可以提供更为具体的帮助，比如寻求一些此领域中的专业治疗师又或者是帮忙列一个问题清单去请教医生。
To someone with depression,these first steps can seem insurmountable.
对于那些抑郁症患者来说，迈出这第一步尤为艰难。
If they feel guilty or ashamed,point out that depression is a medical condition,just like asthma or diabetes.
如果他们有负罪感或者羞耻感，请向他们指出，抑郁症是一种医学疾病，就像哮喘或糖尿病一样常见。
It's not a weakness or a personality trait,and they shouldn't expect themselves to just get over it anymore than they could will themselves to get over a broken arm.
告诉他们抑郁症并非他们的弱点或者代表他们的人格，而且他们不能只靠自己硬撑来克服这个疾病，这不像伤筋动骨一样可以自愈。
If you haven't experienced depression yourself,avoid comparing it to times you've felt down.
如果你未曾受到抑郁症的困扰，请不要将他们的痛苦与你平日里的情绪低落进行比较。
Comparing what they're experiencing to normal,temporary feelings of sadness can make them feel guilty for struggling.
也不要将他们所承受的困扰与常见的悲伤情绪相提并论。因为这会加深他们对病情的负罪感。
Even just talking about depression openly can help.
哪怕只是单纯而诚恳地谈谈抑郁症都会对他们有所帮助。
For example,research shows that asking someone about suicidal thoughts actually reduces their suicide risk.
例如，研究表明，询问一些人关于自杀的看法，实际上可以降低他们自杀的几率。
Open conversations about mental illness help erode stigma and make it easier for people to ask for help.
开诚布公地谈谈精神疾病有利于淡化患者的自卑意识并且让他们更有勇气去寻求帮助。
And the more patients seek treatment,the more scientists will learn about depression,and the better the treatments will get.
而只有越多的患者积极寻求治疗，科学家对抑郁症的认知才会更深入，从而使患者得到更有效的治疗。
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