美国陆军特种部队ODA的发展历程

The Evolution of the Special Forces (SF) Operational Detachment-Alpha (ODA)

作者：TROY J. SACQUETY

Today, the Special Forces (SF) Operational Detachment-Alpha (ODA) consists of twelve soldiers. However, that has not always been the case. Its number of personnel has ranged from twelve to fifteen, depending upon era and contemporary doctrine and force structure requirements. What follows is a brief look at the historic organization of the lowest SF unit of action, the ODA. This study starts even before the creation of SF in 1952 by going back to World War II, specifically, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Operational Group (OG) section.

目前美军特种部队ODA由12名士兵组成。但是ODA并非总是12人。取决于不同时期的条令要求和部队架构，它的规模在12-15人之间。接下来我们将简述特种作战的基础单位ODA组织演变历史。ODA的历史渊源甚至早于1952年特种部队成立，而是要追溯到二战时期美国战略情报局（OSS）下属的行动组（OG）。

Created on 13 June 1942, the OSS was a separate, joint military service that reported directly to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Its primary mission was to collect, analyze, and disseminate intelligence. The second was to conduct unconventional warfare (UW). The OG was one of the key OSS UW elements.

OSS成立于1942年6月13日，是一个独立的，由多军种联合组成的，由美军参联会直接管辖的机构。主要负责情报的收集分析和发布。其次就是施行非对称作战任务。行动组就是OSS下属的重要非对称作战组织。

 

On 4 May 1943, the OSS activated the OG Branch as a “separate tactical unit” within the OSS. Although it was not a U.S. Army element, it was manned almost exclusively with Army personnel detailed to the OSS who possessed the cultural background and spoke the languages of the areas to be infiltrated. The OGs trained and were employed as small groups. Their mission was to infiltrate enemy-occupied areas to harass the enemy and to be the “operational nuclei of guerrilla units” through organizing, training, equipping, and advising them. OGs operated in France, Norway, Yugoslavia, Italy, Greece, Burma, and China.

在1943年5月4日，OSS启动了一支名为“独立战术小组”的OG小组。尽管它并非美国陆军下属的单位，但是其成员却主要由借调到OSS的陆军人员组成。OSS要求他们熟悉行动地区的文化背景和语言。这些行动人员随后接受了训练并以小组为单位进行了部署。他们的任务是渗透到敌人后方，对敌人进行袭扰，以及组织、训练当地的游击队，并为游击队提供装备和顾问。他们在法国、挪威、南斯拉夫、意大利、希腊、缅甸和中国都有行动。

The basic organizational unit in the OG Branch was an Operational Group. An OG fluctuated in size throughout the war but was designed to operate in two independent sections. The main structure for how the OG operated in the field, was the section which could be further divided into two semi-independent squads. The final OG table of organization and equipment (TO&E), dated 20 February 1945, had a fifteen-man section comprised of a commanding officer (usually a Lieutenant), a senior non-commissioned officer (NCO), a medical sergeant, two radio operators, two squad sergeants, and eight riflemen. This structure later became the basis for the ODA.

OG的基本单位是行动小组。行动小组的规模在战争期间经常变动。但是总是由两个独立部门构成。而在行动中每个独立部门又可以被拆分为两个独立小队。行动组在1945年2月20日时的标准架构如下图。由15人构成，包括一名指挥官（通常是一个中尉），一个高级军士，一个医疗士官，两名无线电操作员，两名小队长和8名步枪兵组成。这个架构随后成为ODA的基础。

 

After World War II, the OSS disbanded on 1 October 1945, and the Army similarly deactivated its special operations units. Within five years, however, the U.S. was again at war. Korea, the first major flare-up of the Cold War, highlighted that the Army needed to recreate special operations units. Therefore, U.S. Army leaders looked to create an unconventional warfare element to work with guerrilla forces. Rather than invent a new structure, they looked at the OG section as a model.

二战结束后，OSS与1945年10月1日解散。陆军也同样逐渐裁撤了自己的特种作战单位。但是五年后美国陷入了一场新的战争——朝鲜战争。冷战中的第一次大规模热战。朝鲜战争中重新出现了特种作战的需求。因此美国陆军高层开始构思成立新的非常规作战单位来同当地军队合作。他们并没有发明新的架构，而是沿袭了行动组的架构。

 

 

One of the earliest field manuals (FM) on unconventional warfare, which provided the doctrinal foundation for Army SF, was FM 31-21: Organization and Conduct of Guerrilla Warfare, dated October 1951. Its author was Colonel (COL) Russell W. Volckmann, leader of Philippine guerrillas on Luzon during World War II. Although COL Volckmann had extensive UW experience, his Philippine formations did not have a codified structure. He therefore looked to the OSS OG, a TO&E element that did. COL Volckmann even borrowed the OSS nomenclature in FM 31-21, when he called for an “Operational Group” of unspecified size, composed of “specially qualified military personnel in uniform, organized, trained, and equipped to operate as teams within enemy territory,” to be the main element to form and assist guerrilla forces.

陆军特种部队最早的关于非常规战争的战地手册是1952年10月发布的FM 31-21“游击战的组织和实施”，它奠定了陆特非对称战争的基本教条。他的作者是Russell W. Volckmann上校——一名二战时期在菲律宾领导游击战争的指挥官。上校虽然经验丰富，但是他在菲律宾时期并没有确立一个成型的队伍架构。因此他研究了OSS的行动组的架构。他甚至在FM 31-21里沿袭了OG的术语。他同样将一个规模灵活，由“经过训练、组织和使用特殊装备的专门挑选的军队人员组成，在敌占区以小组规模活动”的“行动小组”作为组织和协助游击战的基础单位。

The proposed TO&E 33-510, dated 14 May 1952, set the organization for an FA Team (no acronym assigned but in current parlance, an ODA). Like the OSS OG section, it was fifteen personnel comprised as follows: a Detachment Commander (上尉), Executive Officer (XO) (Lieutenant), Platoon Sergeant (三等士官长), Medic (三等士官长), two Leader Heavy Weapons (上士), two Leader Light Weapons (上士), four Demolition Specialists (中士), and three Radio Operators (中士). This same organization was reflected in FM 31-20: U.S. Army Special Forces Group (Airborne), dated August 1955.

他提出的TO&E（编装表）33-510在1952年5月14日通过。确立了一个火力小组的装备架构（当时没有指定的字母缩写，但事实上是现在的ODA）。像OSS的行动组一样，由以下15名队员组成：一个指挥官（上尉），一个副官（中尉），排士官（三等士官长），医疗兵（三等士官长），两名使用重武器的小队长（上士），两名使用轻武器的小队长（上士），四名爆破专家（中士），三名无线电操作员（中士）。这个架构体现在美国陆军特种部队1955年8月发布的战地手册FM 31-21中。

 

The first change to the ODA structure came in Army FM 31-21: Guerrilla Warfare and Special Forces Operations, dated 8 May 1958. This manual retained the fifteen-man construct but changed the rank structure and job descriptions of the FA team. It now had a commander (上尉), XO (Lieutenant), Team Sergeant (二等士官长), Medic (二等士官长), four Weapons Specialists (三等士官长), four Demolition Specialists (Specialist 2), one Radio Repairman (中士), one Radio Operator (中士), and one Radio Operator (Specialist 3).

ODA的组织架构在1958年5月8日发布的FM31-21：游击战和特种作战行动中发生了变化。这本手册保留了15人的编制，但是改变了军阶结构和任务分配。新组织如下：一名指挥官（上尉），副官（中尉），士官长（二等士官长），医疗兵（二等士官长），四名武器专家（三等士官长），四名爆破专家（二级技术士官），一名无线电维修工（中士），一名无线电操作员（中士）还有另一名无线电操作员（三级技术士官）。

 

 

The first personnel reduction came with TO&E 31-107E, dated 25 September 1963. The FA team, renamed to ODA, was changed to twelve soldiers and restructured the ranks. It had a commander (上尉), an XO (Lieutenant), an Operations Sergeant (二等士官长), a Heavy Weapons Leader (三等士官长), an Intelligence Sergeant (三等士官长), a Light Weapons Leader (三等士官长), a Medical Specialist (三等士官长), and Radio Operator Supervisor (三等士官长), an Assistant Medical Specialist and Demolitions Sergeant (上士), and a Chief Radio Operator and Combat Demolition Specialist (中士). TO&E 31-107G, dated 28 June 1968, kept the same general organization as the 1963 version but increased the rank of the Demolitions Sergeant, now called a Special Forces Engineer Sergeant, to an 三等士官长, and renamed the 中士 Combat Demolition Specialist to a Special Forces Engineer.

在1963年9月25日发布的TO&E 31-107E中，ODA的名字被正式使用，并且迎来了规模缩减。ODA改由12人组成，并调整了军衔构成。由：一名指挥官（上尉），一名副官（中尉），一名行动士官（二等士官长），一名使用重武器的小队长（三等士官长），一名情报士官（三等士官长），一名使用轻武器的小队长（三等士官长），一名医疗专家（三等士官长），一名无线电监管员（三等士官长），一名医疗专家助手（上士），一名爆破专家（上士），一名首席无线电操作员（中士），一名战斗爆破专家（中士）。在1968年6月28日发布的TO&E 31-107G中，这个架构基本被沿袭下来，但是提升了上士爆破专家的等级到三等士官长，并改称为“特种部队工程师士官”。并且将中士战斗爆破专家改称为“特种部队工程师”

 

The twelve-man ODA lasted until TO&E 31-107H, dated 10 June 1970. This document increased the ODA structure to fourteen by adding a Supply Sergeant (三等士官长) and an Assistant Operations/Intelligence Sergeant (上士). A subsequent change to this TO&E on 1 March 1974 reduced the ODA to thirteen men by removing the 三等士官长 Radio Operations Supervisor.Another change on 1 September 1974 brought the ODA back down to twelve by removing the 三等士官长 Supply Sergeant (三等士官长) and Assistant Operations/Intelligence Sergeant (上士) but bringing back the Radio Operations Supervisor (三等士官长). It also changed the Intelligence Sergeant position to an Assistant Operations Sergeant.

这个12人的ODA结构一直持续到1970年6月10日发布的TO&E 31-107H。新文件为ODA加入了支援士官（三等士官长）和助理行动/情报士官（上士），从而将ODA扩充为14人。在1974年3月1日这个TO&E发生了变化，无线电监管员（三等士官长）的编制被撤销，ODA成为13人小组。随后在1974年9月1日支援士官（三等士官长）和助理/情报士官（上士）被裁减，无线电监管员（三等士官长）回归，ODA重回12人编制。同时，情报士官也改称为助理行动士官。

 

The final significant change occurred in 1984 when the first SF warrant officers (WO) began to replace lieutenants on ODAs. This change was motivated by a study conducted by COLs Charles A. Beckwith and J.H. “Scotty” Crerar, who were concerned about the lack of continuity and competency within the ODAs. In their estimation, the seconds-in-command, being lieutenants, were still learning their profession; had spent little time on the team; and did not have enough team time to gain adequate experience and knowledge to become an ODA commander. In COL Crerar’s words, “justly or not [lieutenants] were viewed as burdens on their detachments,” necessitating replacing them with a more experienced warrant officer that could provide more seasoned leadership to the ODA.

ODA最后一次大的行动变动来自于1984年，准尉开始取代中尉在ODA中的位置。这项改革由Charles A. Beckwith J.H. “Scotty” Crerar两位上校推动。他们担心ODA内部出现的断层现象。他们认为正处在学习阶段的中尉没有足够的时间呆在队伍里，因此没有足够的时间去积累成为一名ODA指挥官的经验。就像Crerar上校所言“不管这个评价是否公正，中尉往往被视为队伍里的累赘”应当使用基层经验更丰富的准尉来代替中尉，准尉可以提供更加老练的指挥。

The ODA structure has not changed since 1984. Currently it is as follows: Detachment Commander (上尉), Assistant Detachment Commander (Chief Warrant Officer 2), Operations Sergeant (二等士官长), Operations/Intelligence Sergeant, Senior Weapons Sergeant, Senior Engineer Sergeant, Senior Medical Sergeant, Senior Communications Sergeant (三等士官长), and Weapons Sergeant, Engineer Sergeant, Medical Sergeant, and Communications Sergeant (上士).

ODA的架构从1984年至今就没有发生改变。目前的架构如下：一名指挥官（上尉），一名助理指挥官（三级准尉），一名行动/情报士官，高级枪炮士官，高级工程士官，高级医疗士官，高级通讯士官（均为三等士官长），以及一名武器士官，一名工程士官，一名医疗士官和一名通讯士官（均为上士）。

 

As this brief article has detailed, the ODA structure has its roots in the final version of the OSS OG section, which developed based on personnel availability and operational requirements. Since 1952, the SF ODA has had numerous changes to its personnel and rank structure, albeit with a few constants: a captain as commander, a second-in-command (lieutenant and then warrant officer), a senior NCO, and medical, communications, weapons, and demolition (engineer) personnel. With the ODA having fluctuated between twelve and fifteen soldiers, it has historically been treated as a “living” structure and subject to change based on existing requirements.

正如文章所展示的那样，ODA的架构生根于OSS的行动组，并随着人员能力和行动需求不断变化。从1952年来，ODA在人员和军衔构成上发生了多次变化，不过也有一些不变的东西：一名担任指挥官的上尉，一名副官（中尉或准尉），一名高级士官，以及医疗兵、通讯人员、武器操作员、爆破专家（工程师）。ODA的人数在12-15名之间来回变动，因此被认为是一个根据需求而变动的“灵活”架构。

 

参考文献

1. William J. Donovan, “Office of Strategic Services Special Order 21,” 13 May 1943, Folder 1460, Box 140, Entry 136, Record Group (RG) 226, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), College Park, MD. The order was effective 4 May 1943.

2. Kermit Roosevelt, War Report of the OSS (New York: Walker and Company, ca. 1976), 223.

3. Operational Group Command, “Table of Organization,” 20 February 1945, Folder 1461, Box 140, Entry 136, RG 226, NARA.

4. Headquarters, Department of the Army (HQDA), FM 31-21: Organization and Conduct of Guerilla Warfare (Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office, October 1951), 39-40.

5. HQDA, Table of Organization and Equipment 33-510 (proposed), 14 May 1952, contained in David R. Lawler et al., eds., A Critique of the US Army Special Forces Tests and Field Exercises: 15 June to 3 July 1953 (Chevy Chase, Maryland: Operations Research Office, Johns Hopkins University, 1953), 75-92.

6. HQDA, FM 31-20: U.S. Army Special Forces Group (Airborne) (Washington DC: U.S. Government, 10 August 1955), 130.

7. HQDA, FM 31-21: Guerrilla Warfare and Special Forces Operations (Washington DC: Headquarters, Department of the Army, 8 May 1958), 29.

8. HQDA, Table of Organization and Equipment 31-107E (Washington DC: Department of the Army, 25 September 1963), 8.

9. HQDA, Table of Organization and Equipment 31-107G (Washington DC: Department of the Army, 28 June 1968), 10.

10. HQDA, Table of Organization and Equipment 31-107H (Washington DC: Department of the Army, 10 June 1970), 9-10.

11. HQDA, Table of Organization and Equipment 31-107H: Change Number 3 (Washington DC: Department of the Army, 1 March 1974), 3.

12. HQDA, Table of Organization and Equipment 31-107H: Change Number 4 (Washington DC: Department of the Army, 1 September 1974), 6-7.

13. J.H. Crerar, “The Special Forces Warrant Officer, the Beginnings,” Warrant Officer Historical Foundation, https://warrantofficerhistory.org/Hist_SF_WO.htm.

U.S. Army JFK Special Warfare Center, “Proposed SF Standard METL: Special Forces Company (31817K000), copy in USASOC History Office, Fort Bragg, NC. Also see HQDA, FM 3-18: Special Forces Operations (Washington DC: Department of the Army, 28 May 2014), section 4-56 and figure 4-13.

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