译者按：视频原作者为the B1M，由辽观翻译并增加了部分注释。尽可能保持中英语句对应，同时部分术语采用相对本土化的翻译。 他们的视频文案会发布在自己的网站https://www.theb1m.com/（中国内地可访问）同时可以在油管看到纯英文原视频https://youtu.be/EVJ_rgEUSJE（中国内地不可访问）

 "译者注"全部参考自维基百科（Wikipedia，无法从中国内地访问）相关词条。"译者注"及译文遵从CC-BY-SA 4.0协议，您可以在标注出处的情况下免费使用（包括商业使用）。协议原文搬运https://wikipedia.cathayviews.online/index.php/2023/06/23/hello-world/  

Why aren't there many skyscrapers in Europe?

为什么欧洲并没有多少摩天大楼？

 

Despite being one of the most developed, densely populated, and economically prosperous continents, Europe has surprisingly few skyscrapers, particularly when compared to Asia and North America.

尽管是发达、人口密集和经济繁荣的大洲之一，欧洲的摩天大楼出人意料地少见，尤其是相较于亚洲和北美（更是少得令人惊奇）。

 

Of the 218 skyscrapers constructed on the continent to date, 66 percent of them are located in just five cities: London, Paris, Frankfurt, Moscow, and Istanbul.

在欧洲已建造的218座摩天大楼之中，66%集中分布于5座城市：伦敦（英）、巴黎（法）、法兰克福（德）、莫斯科（俄）和伊斯坦布尔（土）。

 

So why have other major European cities not embraced the skyscraper？

所以为什么欧洲的其他主要城市没有拥抱摩天大楼呢？

 

How do they thrive without the significant inner open space and floor areas that these clever structures provide?

（没有建设摩天大楼的城市们）又是如何在没有摩天大楼这种巧妙建筑所提供的大面积内部空间的情况下繁荣发展的？

 

And is everything about to change in our increasingly urbanized world?

此外，在我们生活的日益城市化的世界之中，这种情况是否将会改变？

 

1. 19世纪摩天大楼起步阶段：美欧文化对决

When skyscrapers first rose to prominence in the 19th century - first in Chicago and later in New York -  many European cities were already firmly established with grand historic buildings and public spaces that left little room for large new structures.

当摩天大楼于19世纪首次出现之时——起初出现在芝加哥，稍后出现在纽约——许多欧洲城市早已建立起了宏大的具有历史意义的建筑和公共空间，这些大家伙们没给新建大型建筑留下多大的空地。

 

most of Europe cities around that time were also more evenly zoned, and were not facing the high demand for floor space in key districts that typically drives high rise development.

当此之时，大部分欧洲城市规划得（比北美城市）更加平衡，它们并未面临在城市关键位置对建筑面积的巨大需求，而空间需求通常会激发（高层建筑的）发展。

 

译者注：经济和文化意义上的“北美”有时仅指美国和加拿大（这两国以英语为主要语言），而不包括北美洲其他地区。与之相对地，“拉丁美洲”指以西班牙语、葡萄牙语为主要语言的地区，包括北美洲其他国家的绝大部分及南美洲国家的绝大部分。

 

Additionally, as the power and influence of North America began to grow, a cultural rivalry emerged between Americans who saw Europe's class system as outdated, and Europeans who saw some American ideals as eroding traditions and the European way of life.

此外，随着北美的实力和影响力不断增长，一场文化对抗已然出现：对抗的一方，是认为欧洲的阶层系统已经过时的老美，而另一方则是认为美国观念正在侵蚀传统与欧式生活方式的老欧洲。

 

As a result, each continent became wary of adopting the other‘s concepts.

文化对抗的结果是，两个大洲都对接受对方的概念持谨慎态度。

 

While North America aimed to become the model for a new age, Europe sought to preserve its heritage.

在美国人力求成为新时代的典范之时，欧洲人正致力于保护其遗产。

 

While this explains why skyscraper construction didn't initially catch on in Europe, it doesn't explain what has held the consonant back since.

不过，以上只能解释为什么摩天大楼建设在初期没有在欧洲流行起来，但并不能解释欧洲（的摩天大楼建设）在此之后面临的阻滞。

 

2. 二战后的重建工程

In the wake of the Second World War, many thought European cities would modernize and replicate the skyscrapers that were rising across North America.

在第二次世界大战的阴云散去后，许多人觉得，欧洲城市将会现代化并且复制正在北美洲兴盛的摩天大楼。

 

However, in Western Europe, - where many cities lost landmark and historic structures - an overwhelming desire to restore what had been destroyed took hold.

然而，在西部欧洲，在许多城市失去了其地标和历史建筑的情况下，人们产生了一种更强烈的愿望，希望重建已被摧毁的建筑。

 

译者注：此处“西部欧洲”指美国控制的北约成员国和其他一些资本主义国家，下文的“东部欧洲”指苏联控制的华约成员国和其他一些社会主义国家。

 

In addition, the lower population of Europe at that time meant that the demand for floor area that principally drives at skyscraper construction wasn't there.

此外，当时的欧洲人口（因战争）减少，这意味着，对建筑空间的需求——摩天大楼建设的重要推动力——（在此时的欧洲）并不存在。

 

As a result, modest structures replaced buildings that could not be saved or restored.

结果是，替代那些无法保留或重建的历史建筑的，是一些规模适中的（新）建筑。

 

Meanwhile, in Eastern Europe, the expanding Soviet Union’s rebuild efforts consisted largely of mid rise repetitive structures that sort of rehouse much of the population.

与此同时，在东部欧洲，正值势力扩张的苏联其重建工作大部分由建设中层的、可复制的建筑组成，其建设旨在安置大部分人口。

 

译者注：1950年代苏式建筑的代表是高度相似、外形方正、大量利用预制板、极致利用空间、建造快成本低的“赫鲁晓夫楼”，这也是东欧各国和中国等社会主义国家国战后建设的重要建筑类型。

 

It was during this time that Europe saw its first skyscrapers begin to rise not in response to growth and prosperity but in an effort by the Soviets to indicate their power and influence.

在这一时期，欧洲目睹了其上的第一座摩天大楼的开建，但这座摩天大楼的建造并不是由于增长和繁荣，而是苏联为了展现其力量和影响力所建造的。

 

译者注：“斯大林七姐妹”系1952-1954年苏联在莫斯科建设的七座结合了巴洛克式和哥特式建筑风格的摩天大楼。此后，这一楼型被其他社会主义国家模仿。

 

3. “布鲁塞尔化”及对此的批判

While Brussels has never constructed a true skyscraper it is partly responsible for the lack of skyscrapers across the continent.

尽管布鲁塞尔从来没有建造过真正意义上的摩天大楼，但这座城市对于欧洲缺少摩天大楼的情况负有部分责任。

 

Without any significant zoning regulations in place, the 1960s saw many buildings in the city demolished to make way for large modern structures that had little regard for architectural or cultural value.

由于没有施行任何有效的城市规划法规，在20世纪60年代，布鲁塞尔的许多建筑物被拆除以便为大型的现代建筑让路，这些操作几乎毫不考虑所拆建筑的建筑学价值和文化价值。

 

Recognizing the damage this indiscriminate redevelopment was doing to the city, many prominent figures and architects coined the term “Brusselization”, and lobbied to introduce new planning laws.

在认识到这种不加选择的重建对城市造成的破坏后，许多知名人士和建筑师提出了“布鲁塞尔化”这个词，并且奔走呼号，提议建立新的规划法。

 

These regulations significantly limited the scale of new buildings, and required historic facades to be restored and incorporated into new developments, preserving the cultural fabric of the city.

由此提出的法规大大限制了新建筑的规模，并且要求修复历史外观，并将历史外观模式引入到新的建设当中以保护城市的文脉。

 

The row in Brussels led to a general dislike for modern buildings across Europe, with many seeing them as bland or soulless.

在布鲁塞尔发生的争议引发了整个欧洲对现代建筑的普遍厌恶，许多人认为现代建筑乏味无趣或毫无灵魂。

 

In response, numerous cities adopted similar regulations and set aside control districts - like Paris' La Défense - to keep high rise development away from historic centers.

在此影响下，许多城市出台了（与布鲁塞尔）相似的建筑法规，并且设立了建设控制区——如巴黎的“拉德芳斯”——以使高层建筑远离史迹核心区域。

译者注：La Défense得名于纪念普法战争中巴黎围城战的“保卫巴黎”雕塑，是凯旋门所在的城区，也是巴黎摩天大楼的集中分布区。区外几乎没有摩天大楼。

 

4. 城市化的时代

By the start of the 21st century, attitudes around tall buildings were softening across the continent, as architectural trends moved away from box-like structures towards more unique designs, and as the world became increasingly globalized.

在21世纪即将到来之际，欧洲各地对高层建筑的态度开始软化，这种态度转变随着建筑潮流放弃“方盒子”造型而转向更加独特的设计，以及世界变得日益全球化（而发生）。

 

Since the early 2000s, major financial centers like London, Paris, Moscow, Istanbul, and Frankfurt have seen several skyscrapers rise as demand for commercial space in their centers has increased.

自2000年代初期以来，主要的金融中心，如伦敦（英）、巴黎（法）、莫斯科（俄）、伊斯坦布尔（土）以及法兰克福（德）陆续建起了几座摩天大楼。这是由于这些城市的中心地带对商业空间的需求的增长

 

By contrast, smaller European cities that have been experiencing more modest growth have turned their focus to the environment and improving living standards for citizens.

与此相反，规模较小的欧洲城市经历了更加平缓的扩张，这些城市将它们的（建设）重点放在了环境以及提升居民的生活水平上。

 

In recent years, urban areas in Scandinavia and Central Europe have consistently ranked among the highest in the world for sustainability, happiness and well-being while maintaining importance within their national economies.

近年来，斯堪的纳维亚和欧洲中部的城市在可持续发展、幸福感和生活舒适方面一直处于全球最高水平，（这些城市）与此同时还在其所在国的经济中保持着重要地位。

 

However, skyscraper construction in the cities of today is no longer driven purely by economic growth or the need for commercial office space.

然而，今日城市中的摩天大楼建设已经不再仅仅由经济增长或对商业办公空间的需求所驱动。

 

With 60 percent of the global human population set to be living in urban areas by 2030.

到2030年，全球60%的人口将居住于城市。

 

Residential skyscrapers are now rising in prominence, particularly across Asia and North America.

因此，住宅摩天大楼正日益受到重视，特别是在亚洲和北美。

 

As many traditional rural-based industries become automated, millions are migrating into cities and major urban areas, driving significant demand for residential space that is often met with high rise structures.

随着许多传统的、以农村为基地的产业实现自动化，数百万人口涌入各城市和主要城市带，这带来了对住房的大量需求，此种需求通常通过高层建筑来满足。

 

Europe is not immune to this phenomenon, particularly in such a heavily globalized world.

于此，欧洲并未置身事外，尤其是在今日这个高度全球化的世界之中。

And with the continent's desire to keep up with the progress and economic growth of China and the United States, Europe could witness a skyscraper boom in the decades ahead.

并且，欧洲也渴望跟上中国和美国的进步和经济增长，未来的几十年中，欧洲可能将要经历摩天大楼的激增。

 

However, with entire urban centers now being declared historically significant, and with the desire to retain as much culture and architecture as possible rightly holding strong up to the present day，the unique challenge facing future skyscraper construction in Europe is all to do with the past.

然而，随着整个城市中心被宣布具有历史意义，并且保存尽可能多的文化和建筑的愿望在今天仍旧强烈，未来欧洲摩天大楼建设所面临的独有的挑战仍旧在于对历史的态度。