C15T4P3 Presentation about refrigeration
ANNIE: OK, Jack. Before we plan our presentation about refrigeration, let's discuss what we've discovered so far.
相比 refrigeration，听力中更需要掌握的是几个冰箱的拼写：fridge, refrigerator, freezer（尤其注意前两个词）。
so far 迄今为止。注意这个时间表达，选择题中考过很多次。
JACK: Fine, Annie. Though I have to admit I haven't done much research yet.
ANNIE: Nor me. But I found an interesting article about icehouses. I'd seen some 18th-and 19th-century ones here in the UK, so I knew they were often built in a shady area or underground, close to lakes that might freeze in the winter. Then blocks of ice could be cut and stored in the icehouse. But I didn't realise that insulating the blocks with straw or sawdust meant they didn't melt for months. The ancient Romans had refrigeration, too.
insulate （使）隔热、隔音、绝缘。如果是因为病毒传染要隔离人或动物，用这个词 quarantine.
straw 稻草。the last/final straw 压死骆驼的最后一根稻草。The final straw came at the end of last year when he failed his IELTS test. （可能由此导致无学可上）
JACK: I didn't know that.
ANNIE: Yes, pits were dug in the ground, and snow was imported from the mountains -even though they were at quite a distance. The snow was stored in the pits. Ice formed at the bottom of it. Both the ice and the snow were then sold. The ice cost more than the snow and my guess is that only the wealthy members of society could afford it.
dig 挖。在什么样的花园里面挖呀挖呀挖... 注意这个词的过去分词和过去式都是 dug.
JACK: I wouldn't be surprised. I also came across an article about modern domestic fridges. Several different technologies are used, but they were too complex for me to understand.
come across 偶遇、无意中发现
ANNIE: You have to wonder what happens when people get rid of old ones.
JACK: You mean because the gases in them are harmful for the environment?
ANNIE: Exactly. At least there are now plenty of organisations that will recycle most of the components safely, but of course some people just dump old fridges in the countryside.
dump / get rid of. dump 在口语中也可以用来表示“甩了某人”，he dumped his boyfriend. 他甩了他的男朋友。
JACK: It's hard to see how they can be stopped unfortunately. In the UK we get rid of three million a year altogether!
ANNIE: That sounds a lot, especially because fridges hardly ever break down.
JACK: That's right. In this country we keep domestic fridges for 11 years on average, and a lot last for 20 or more. So if you divide the cost by the number of years you can use a fridge, they're not expensive, compared with some household appliances.
ANNIE: True. I suppose manufacturers encourage people to spend more by making them different colours and designs. I'm sure when my parents bought their first fridge they had hardly any choice!
JACK: Yes, there's been quite a change.
JACK: Right, let's make a list of topics to cover in our presentation, and decide who's going to do more research on them. Then later, we can get together and plan the next step.
ANNIE: OK. How about starting with how useful refrigeration is, and the range of goods that are refrigerated nowadays? Because of course it's not just food and drinks.
JACK: No, I suppose flowers and medicines are refrigerated, too.
ANNIE: And computers. I could do that, unless you particularly want to.
JACK: No, that's fine by me. What about the effects of refrigeration on people's health? After all, some of the chemicals used in the 19th century were pretty harmful, but there have been lots of benefits too, like always having access to fresh food. Do you fancy dealing with that?
like 的高频替换词，口语中多用用呗。I really fancy playing mobile games.
ANNIE: I'm not terribly keen, to be honest.
JACK: Nor me. My mind just goes blank when I read anything about chemicals.
口语Part1中有时会遇到关于学科的题目，Do you like math? chemistry? 如果你不喜欢，就可以用上这个表达：No, math is my nightmare. My mind just goes blank when I see those equations (方程式).
ANNIE: Oh, all right then, I'll do you a favour. But you owe me, Jack. OK. What about the effects on food producers, like farmers in poorer countries being able to export their produce to developed countries? Something for you, maybe?
do sb. a favour 帮某人一个忙。you owe me 你欠我个人情。
JACK: I don't mind. It should be quite interesting.
ANNIE: I think we should also look at how refrigeration has helped whole cities — like Las Vegas, which couldn't exist without refrigeration because it's in the middle of a desert.
desert, dessert 这两个词一定要区分清（发音、拼写、意思）。我在这里就不细说了，勤查词典！
JACK: Right. I had a quick look at an economics book in the library that's got a chapter about this sort of thing. I could give you the title, if you want to do this section.
ANNIE: Not particularly, to be honest. I find economics books pretty heavy going, as a rule.
heavy going 比较难有一个很统一的翻译，如果说 books heavy going，那就是书难读懂；如果是 work heavy going，那就是工作难做；如果是人 heavy going，那就是比较难缠、难以相处。
JACK: OK. leave it to me, then.
ANNIE: Thanks. Then there's transport, and the difference that refrigerated trucks have made. I wouldn't mind haying a go at that.
try 的几种口语表达：have a go / give it a go / give it a try.
JACK: Don't forget trains, too. I read something about milk and butter being transported in refrigerated railroad cars in the USA, right back in the 1840s.
ANNIE: I hadn't thought of trains. Thanks.
JACK: Shall we have a separate section on domestic fridges? After all, they're something everyone's familiar with.
