外刊双语：海洋保护区如何影响龙虾的进化？
原文标题：
Fisheries
Lobster brisk
Protected areas affect lobster evolution in a way that helps fisherfolk
渔业
龙虾变得更轻盈
保护区影响了龙虾的进化，而进化有益于渔民
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CREATE A PLACE of safety in which marine life can multiply, and the overspill into nearby unprotected areas will provide more quarry for fisherfolk than if no such zone existed.
海洋生物可以在保护区繁衍，生物数量过多会溢出流向附近的非保护区，渔民可以在非保护区捕鱼。而如果没有保护区，渔民可捕鱼的地方就更少。
That is the theory, anyway. And practice suggests it works. However, the advantage may be more than a mere increase in numbers.
理论上是这样。实践证明理论也有效。然而，保护区带来的好处可能不只是增加了海洋生物的数量。
A
study of lobsters suggests that, for these creatures at least, marine
protected areas (MPAs), as they are known formally, also reverse an
evolutionary trend towards smaller individuals which fishing imposes,
thus benefiting the men and women in the boats twice over.
一项关于龙虾的研究表明：海洋保护区也扭转了龙虾个体变小（捕捞所致）的进化趋势，从而使船上的渔民受益倍增。
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The
research in question was conducted by Tonje Sordalen of the University
of Agder, in Norway, and is published this week in the Proceedings of
the Royal Society.
这是挪威阿格德大学的彤.索达伦的研究，成果发表在本周的《皇家学会学报》上。
Dr Sordalen started from the fact that for several species, lobsters included, growth rates and boldness of behaviour seem to go hand in hand, suggesting they are promoted by the same genes. Why, is not clear.
索达伦博士从以下事实出发：龙虾等几个物种的生长速度和大胆行为关系密切，这表明这两个特点是由相同的基因控制的。原因尚不清楚。
One hypothesis is that faster-growing individuals need to spend more time and effort searching for food.
一种假设是，生长较快的个体需要花费更多的时间和精力寻找食物。
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Unfortunately from a lobster’s point of view, such boldness may include a tendency to explore lobsterpots.
不幸的是，从龙虾的角度来看，这种大胆可能包括探索捕虾笼的倾向。
Certainly, that is true for their freshwater cousins, crayfish, where big, adventurous individuals are more likely to end up in traps.
当然，这对淡水小龙虾来说确实如此，在淡水区，体型大且胆大的个体更容易掉入虾笼陷阱。
And
that, in turn, creates a selective pressure for timidity, to avoid
getting trapped—with small body size coming along for the ride.
而这反过来产生了进化压力，为了避免途中掉入虾笼陷进，进化出了胆小的小体型。
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Moreover, in Norway at least, the law may exacerbate this trend.
此外，法律可能会加剧这一趋势，至少在挪威是确实如此。
Lobsters
less than 250mm long cannot be harvested. If caught, they must be
returned to the sea. Females carrying eggs must be released too,
regardless of size.
法律规定不能捕捞长度小于250毫米的龙虾。如果捕到这样的龙虾，必须将其放回大海。无论大小，携带虾籽的雌虾也必须放生。
The
first rule clearly generates selection pressure against growing big—and
Dr Sordalen suspected that the second has a similar effect, since
females do not moult when carrying eggs, and a lobster which is not moulting cannot grow beyond the size that its carapace will permit.
第一条规则显然会使龙虾往小体型上进化。索尔达伦博士怀疑，第二条规则也会产生类似的效果，因为雌虾在携带虾籽时不会蜕壳，而未蜕壳的龙虾的体型不会超过甲壳所允许的大小。
So,
since carrying eggs stops females being harvested, she guessed that
there would be a pressure for them to carry eggs more frequently, thus
moulting less often and growing more slowly.
因此，由于携带虾籽的雌虾不会被捕捞，她猜测，它们将向频繁携带虾籽的方向进化，因此蜕壳的次数越少，生长速度也越慢。
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Putting
all this together, she theorised that decades of trapping off Norway’s
coast would have caused the lobsters there to be both meek and slow growing.
把所有因素加在一起，她构造出了一个理论：几十年来，挪威海岸的龙虾捕捞会导致那里的龙虾性情温顺且生长缓慢。
And the catch of lobsters large enough to be retained has indeed dropped in recent years.
近年来，大小符合法律捕捞标准的龙虾数量确实有所下降。
But, following her theory’s logic, the lobsters in MPAs should be different.
但是，按照她的理论逻辑，海洋保护区中的龙虾应该有所不同。
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To
find out if that is correct, she worked with the Norwegian Institute of
Marine Research to monitor the growth of lobsters in three such areas
off the country’s southern coast and in three unprotected areas in the
same region.
为了验证理论正确与否，她与挪威海洋研究所合作，监测了3个挪威南部沿海保护区和同一地区3个非保护区的龙虾生长情况。
During
four consecutive days each year between 2006 (when the reserves were
established) and 2020, she and her colleagues collected a total of 2,303
lobsters from these sites.
从2006年（保护区建立时）到2020年，每年连续4天，她和她的同事从这些地点收集了2303只龙虾。
They measured them, sexed them and tagged them, and also studied them for evidence of moulting, before releasing them.
他们对它们进行了测量、性别鉴定和标记，并在释放它们之前对它们进行研究，寻找蜕壳的证据。
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The effect of MPAs on lobsters’ growth rates was, they found, significant—but only for females.
他们发现，海洋保护区对龙虾生长速度的影响是显著的，但只对雌虾有显著影响。
In
protected areas, an average female skipped moulting to produce eggs
about once in four years. Those in unprotected areas did so once in
three.
在保护区，一只雌虾平均每4年在不蜕壳的情况下产籽一次。那些在非保护区的雌虾平均每3年产籽一次。
Also, when females in protected areas did moult, they grew by 9% more afterwards than did those in unprotected areas.
此外，当保护区内的雌虾蜕壳时，它们的生长速度比非保护区的雌虾快9%。
In
essence, then, females grew faster and larger in the protected areas
than they did in places where they were being caught in traps.
从本质上讲，雌虾在保护区内的生长速度和体型都比在非保护区更快、更大。
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Intriguingly, Dr Sordalen saw no increase in post-moulting growth in males.
有趣的是，索尔达伦博士发现雄虾蜕壳后的生长速度没有增加。
Even
if only one sex is responding, though, that is still consistent with
her hypothesis, and confirms another benefit of MPAs besides population
growth.
尽管只有雌虾对保护区的环境做出反应，但这仍然符合她的假设，这也证实了海洋保护区除了龙虾数量增长之外的另一个好处。
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Her theory may apply, too, beyond crustaceans.
她的理论也可能适用于甲壳动物以外的其他动物。
Several
fish also exhibit a link between growth rate and boldness, and some
studies show that faster-growing individuals are caught more often.
一些鱼类也表现出了生长速度和胆量之间的联系，一些研究表明，生物个体生长速度越快，越容易被捕获。
It is true, as well, that the size of some commercial species has shrunk over the decades.
同样的，几十年来，一些商业物种的体型已经缩小了。
Dr Sordalen may thus have hit on something applicable to fisheries management way beyond her chosen species.
因此，除了索达伦博士选择的龙虾物种之外，她可能找到了一些适用于整个渔业管理的方法。
（恭喜读完，本篇英语词汇量699左右）
原文出自：2022年11月19日《TE》Science & technology版块。
精读笔记来源于：自由英语之路
本文翻译整理: Irene
本文编辑校对: Irene
仅供个人英语学习交流使用。
【补充资料】（来自于网络）
选择压力（Selective pressure），又称为进化压力，指外界施与一个生物进化过程的压力，从而改变该过程的前进方向，所谓达尔文的自然选择，或者物竞天择、适者生存，即是指自然界施与生物体选择压力从而使得适应自然环境者得以存活和繁衍。
【重点句子】（3 个）
One hypothesis is that faster-growing individuals need to spend more time and effort searching for food.
一种假设是，生长较快的个体需要花费更多的时间和精力寻找食物。
And
that, in turn, creates a selective pressure for timidity, to avoid
getting trapped—with small body size coming along for the ride.
而这反过来产生了进化压力，为了避免途中掉入虾笼陷进，进化出了胆小的小体型。
In
essence, then, females grew faster and larger in the protected areas
than they did in places where they were being caught in traps.
从本质上讲，雌虾在保护区内的生长速度和体型都比在非保护区更快、更大。
