教育管理基础_External Environments of School

思路 （是什么——为什么） 任务理论 制度理论 技术要求  制度塑造 制度——制度+技术（竞争引入）

Task Perspective

Task  Environments

Information Perspective

Resource-dependence Perspective

Environmentalresources: Fiscal, Personnel, Information, Products

Environmentalresources: Simple or Complex

Availabilityof resources: Scarce to Munificence

Dependence:Need and Availability

Decision makers: View the environment as a place to gain scarce resources for the organization

Administering Information & Resource Environments

Coping Strategies:

Buffering

Planning and forecasting

Boundary spanning

Adjusting operations

Accommodating structure

Institutional Perspective

The Introduction of Institutional Perspective

Limitedemphasis on goals, effectiveness, and efficiency

Schools:Constrained byother institutions of society

Administrators:Constrained by broader institutions

Conceptual Foundations

Assessments of Institutional Theory

Administering Institutional Environments

Buffering strategies

Decoupling

Managingthe image

Boundary-spanning strategies

Categorical conformity

Structural conformity

Procedural conformity

知识点

分类：正式 非正式

组成：规定性  规范性 认知性

知识点：典故是常识化了的典故，比如按照年龄分班，不言自明，比如亚当斯密的劳动分工

一致性：范畴一致性 结构一致性 程序一致性

将技术置于制度之前，制度与技术并重（方向）

案例

阅读项目（技术）成绩（制度期待）

坚持原计划，阅读项目，制度发展方向

微做调整，高度依赖财政（评估机制）

我们要制度为主，制度与技术并重