（文章翻译）拜占庭世界的战争（2010 年 4 月 30 日至 5 月 1 日，敦巴顿橡树园研讨会

Warfare in the Byzantine World: DUMBARTON OAKS SYMPOSIUM, 30 APRIL— 2 MAY 2010 Author(s): JOHN F. HALDON

拜占庭世界的战争：敦巴顿橡树园研讨会，2010 年 4 月 30 日—2010 年 5 月 2 日

作者：JOHN F. HALDON

Source: Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 2011-2012, Vol. 65/66 (2011-2012), 

Published by: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University

资料来源：敦巴顿橡树园论文，2011-2012，卷。 65/66 (2011-2012)，

出版者：敦巴顿橡树园，哈佛大学受托人

Warfare in the Byzantine World

DUMBARTON OAKS SYMPOSIUM, 30 APRIL - 1 MAY 2010

SYMPOSI ARCH: JOHN F. H ALDON

拜占庭世界的战争

2010 年 4 月 30 日至 5 月 1 日，敦巴顿橡树园研讨会

专题讨论会：约翰·F·哈尔顿

War and the need to wage it, the organizational constraints it imposes, its effects on society and economy as well as its ideological justification and the debates it engenders, can be a radical force for social and political transformation. However unpleasant the effects of war, it is an undeniable fact of human history that war has been on many occasions and in many different historical contexts a powerful stimulus to both technological innovation and social and political change. The crucial role of war and its concomitants cannot be ignored in the history of any culture. Byzantium is no exception. Indeed, in many respects the history of the Byzantine state is also the history of its ability successfully to defend itself and to organize for war, for its military organization was central both to the inflection of its social relations in general as well as to the ways in which the central government extracted and redistributed the resources available to it, whether in the form of agricultural produce or money taxes on agriculture and trade.

          战争和发动战争的需要、它强加的组织约束、它对社会和经济的影响以及它的意识形态理由和它引起的辩论，可以成为社会和政治转型的根本力量。无论战争的影响如何令人不快，但不可否认的人类历史事实是，战争在许多场合和许多不同的历史背景下都有力地刺激了技术创新以及社会和政治变革。在任何文化的历史中，战争及其伴随物的重要作用都不容忽视。拜占庭也不例外。事实上，在许多方面，拜占庭国家的历史也是它成功地保卫自己和组织战争的历史，因为它的军事组织对于其一般社会关系的变化以及方式的变化都至关重要。其中中央政府提取并重新分配其可用资源，无论是以农产品还是对农业和贸易的货币税的形式。

In its thousand years of eXIstence - from the reign of Anastasius (491-518) until that of the last emperor, Constantine XI (1448-1453) - the Byzantine state was almost constantly at war with one or another of its neighbors. This reflected its geography and strategic situation, centered as it was on the southern Balkans and Asia Minor. It had constantly to fend off challenges to its territorial integrity from the Persian and then Arab or Turkish Islamic powers to the east, or its Balkan or central European neighbors to the northwest and north. As the western and central European powers grew and matured - first in the form of the Carolingian empire, then the German empire and the kingdom of Hungary - so Byzantine political pre-eminence came to be challenged, until by the end of the twelfth century the empire had become a second-rate state, subject to the power politics of powerful western kingdoms and the commercial strength of Italian merchant republics such as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa.

          在其存在的千年中——从阿纳斯塔修斯 (491-518) 统治到最后一位皇帝君士坦丁十一世 (1448-1453) 的统治时期——拜占庭国家几乎一直在与邻国交战。 这反映了它的地理和战略形势，因为它以巴尔干南部和小亚细亚为中心。 它必须不断地抵御来自波斯，然后是东部的阿拉伯或土耳其伊斯兰强国，或西北部和北部的巴尔干或中欧邻国对其领土完整的挑战。 随着西欧和中欧列强的成长和成熟——首先是加洛林帝国的形式，然后是德意志帝国和匈牙利王国——所以拜占庭的政治优势开始受到挑战，直到 12 世纪末 帝国沦为二流国家，受制于强大的西方王国的强权政治和威尼斯、热那亚和比萨等意大利商业共和国的商业实力。

Byzantium was a society in which the virtues of peace were extolled and war was usually condemned, certainly when taken for its own sake. Fighting was to be avoided at all costs. Yet the empire nevertheless inherited the military administrative structures and, in many ways, the militaristic ideology of the expanding pre-Christian Roman Empire in its heyday. These tensions were overcome through the blending of Christian ideals with the political will to survive and the justification of war as a necessary evil, waged primarily in defense of the Roman world and the Orthodox faith. Late Roman and medieval Christian society in the eastern Mediterranean/south Balkan region thus generated a unique culture that was able to cling without reservation to a pacifistic ideal while at the same time legitimating and justifying the maintenance of an immensely efficient and, for the most part, remarkably effective military apparatus.

          拜占庭是一个崇尚和平美德而通常谴责战争的社会，当然是为了自己的利益而战。 应不惜一切代价避免战斗。 然而，帝国仍然继承了军事行政结构，并在许多方面继承了鼎盛时期扩张的前基督教罗马帝国的军国主义意识形态。 通过将基督教理想与生存的政治意愿以及战争作为一种必要的罪恶的理由相结合，这些紧张局势得到了克服，主要是为了捍卫罗马世界和东正教信仰。 东地中海/南巴尔干地区的晚期罗马和中世纪基督教社会因此产生了一种独特的文化，这种文化能够毫无保留地坚持和平主义理想，同时使维持极其高效的、在大多数 ，非常有效的军事设备。

The symposium examined some of these themes in an attempt to re-evaluate Byzantine as well as other perceptions of warfare and the military, to understand how the Byzantines organized for war, and the reasons for their success or failure.

          研讨会研究了其中一些主题，试图重新评估拜占庭以及其他对战争和军队的看法，以了解拜占庭人如何组织战争，以及他们成功或失败的原因。

 

Friday, 30 April

Introduction

John F. Haldon• Princeton University

约翰·F·哈尔登•普林斯顿大学

 

The Big Picture: China, Byzantium and the Shadow of the Steppe

David Graff - Kansas State University

大图：中国、拜占庭和草原的阴影

大卫格拉夫 - 堪萨斯州立大学

 

The Small Picture: Government by Exception and Exemption; Evidence from the Later Byzantine Military

Mark Bartusis• Northern State University

小图：例外和豁免政府； 来自后期拜占庭军队的证据

马克·巴图西斯• 北方州立大学

 

Fighting for Peace: The Legitimation of Warfare

Frank Trombley• Cardiff University

为和平而战：战争的合法性

Frank Trombley• 卡迪夫大学

 

A Conflicted Heritage: The Byzantine Religious Establishment of a War Ethic

John McGuckin• Union Theological Seminary and Columbia University

冲突的遗产：战争伦理的拜占庭宗教建立

约翰麦古金•联合神学院和哥伦比亚大学

 

Byzantium Confronts its Neighbors: Islam and the Crusaders

John France• Swansea University

拜占庭面对它的邻居：伊斯兰教和十字军

约翰·法兰西•斯旺西大学

 

Saturday, 1 May

The Visual Representation of Peace

Lioba Theis• University of Vienna

和平的视觉表现

Lioba Theis• 维也纳大学

 

The Art of War

Robert S. Nelson• Yale University

战争的艺术

罗伯特·纳尔逊•耶鲁大学

 

The Paradoxes of Heroism in Byzantium: Military Saints and Secular Warriors

Anthony Kaldellis• Ohio State University

拜占庭英雄主义的悖论：军事圣人和世俗战士

Anthony Kaldellis• 俄亥俄州立大学

 

Resources, Warfare, and the Manzikert Campaign

John F. Haldon• Princeton University

资源、战争和曼齐克特战役

约翰·F·哈尔登•普林斯顿大学

 

The Medieval Logistics Project: Warfare on the Grid

Vince Gaffney• University of Birmingham

中世纪物流项目：网格战

文斯·加夫尼• 伯明翰大学

 

Landscapes, Movement and Logistics: Multi-Agent Systems and Simulating Medieval Campaigns

Georgios Theodoropoulos• University of Birmingham

景观、运动和物流：多代理系统和模拟中世纪运动

Georgios Theodoropoulos• 伯明翰大学

 

Sunday, 2 May

War, Social Change and the Politics of Empire: Prisoners of War between Slavery and Freedom

Youval Rotman• Tel Aviv University

战争、社会变革和帝国政治：奴隶制与自由之间的战俘

Youval Rotman• 特拉维夫大学

 

The Face of Protracted War Walter

Kaegi• University of Chicago

持久战沃尔特的脸

Kaegi•芝加哥大学

 

Concluding Remarks

John F. Haldon• Princeton University

结束语

约翰·F·哈尔登•普林斯顿大学