你不必离开你的社区就能住在更好的地方

美国的低级社区经常陷入政府援助停滞不前和房地产开发商手中的高档化之间。结果是最聪明的人相信“成功”意味着离开城镇。城市复兴者 Majora Carter 有一个解决方案：如果我们像对待苦苦挣扎的公司一样对待这些社区怎么办？她提出了一种恢复性的资本主义经济方法，旨在留住人才，建立有弹性的社区并促进...

Successful companies don't invest in talent so the competition can hire them away. They keep their people motivated to grow with the company and inspire those around them to lean in with them. I believe that talent retention, the same tool used to grow successful companies, can be used to build great neighborhoods for the people born and raised in them.

成功的公司不会投资于人才 ，因此竞争可以将他们挖走。 他们让员工有动力与公司一起成长， 并激励周围的人与他们一起努力。 我相信，人才保留 这一用于发展成功公司的相同工具， 可用于为在其中出生和长大的人们建立良好的社区。

My hometown is the South Bronx in New York City,

我的家乡是纽约市的南布朗克斯，

And it’s the kind of neighborhood that, some might say, actually has a talent repulsion strategy.

有人可能会说，这种社区实际上有一种人才排斥策略。

Back in the 1980s, I walked by this crack house on the way to the subway that would take me to my high school, one of the best in the country, the Bronx High School of Science. Alright, figured there'd be at least some of you in here. Neighborhoods like mine are places where inequality is assumed by the people who live there and by everyone else on the outside looking in. These are places where the schools, public health, air and water, parks and trees, food options, career opportunities are worse than in other parts of the same town. Government subsidized rental housing and health clinics, homeless shelters, liquor stores, dollar stores predominate. Few banks, but plenty of check cashing stores or pawnshops that charge you to use the money you may have. I refer to these communities as low-status. I don’t call them poor or underprivileged because frankly, status implies something larger and deeper at work and that inequality is a well-established fact.

回到 1980 年代， 我在去地铁的路上路过这座破房子，地铁 可以带我去我的高中，全国最好的高中之一， 布朗克斯科学高中。 好吧，我想至少你们中的一些人会在这里。 像我这样的社区是居住在那里的人和外面的每个人都认为不平等的地方。 这些地方的学校、公共卫生、空气和水、公园和树木、食物选择、职业机会更糟比在同一个城镇的其他地方。政府补贴的出租房屋和健康诊所、无家可归者收容所、酒类商店、一元店占主导地位。几家银行， 但是有很多支票兑现店 或当铺会向您收取使用您可能拥有的钱的费用。 我将这些社区称为地位低下的社区。 我不称他们为穷人或弱势群体，因为坦率地说， 地位意味着工作中更大、更深层次的东西 ，不平等是一个公认的事实。

Think of the communities like that near you. They're everywhere, they're inner cities, they're reservations, white Rust Belt townsand all over the world. And bright kids who grow up in them are expected to measure success by how far they get away from them. I was one of those kids, and now I’m a real estate developer and strategy consultant. And I work nationally, but the South Bronx is my research and development laboratory, where I actually practice restorative community development. And that same corner that was once a crack house is now the home of my hip hop cafe -- award-winning hip hop cafe -- excuse me, The Boogie Down Grind.

想想你附近的社区。 它们无处不在，它们是内城， 它们是保留地，白色锈带城镇 和世界各地。 在其中长大的聪明的孩子被期望 通过他们远离他们的距离来衡量成功。 我是那些孩子中的一员， 现在我是一名房地产开发商和战略顾问。 我在全国范围内工作， 但南布朗克斯是我的研发实验室， 我实际上在那里实践恢复性社区发展。 曾经是破屋 的同一个角落现在是我的嘻哈咖啡馆的家——屡获殊荣的嘻哈咖啡馆—— 对不起， The Boogie Down Grind。

And it's two blocks away from the house I grew up in and around the corner from where I live right now. So I have embraced my inner capitalist and my inner socialist and my inner libertarian among a bunch of other things, however. But I'd like to talk now about how capitalism, and the spirit behind it, and it's application,that's what determines its outcomes.

它离我长大的房子只有两个街区，就 在我现在住的地方的拐角处。因此，我接受了我内心的资本主义者、内心的社会主义者 和内心的自由主义者，以及许多其他的东西。 但我现在想谈谈资本主义 及其背后的精神 及其应用 如何决定其结果。

US capitalism supported slavery. And it's supported Black Wall Streets, those communities of Black folks formerly enslaved or just one generation out of it. And where they built great businesses and wealth and communities. And the most famous of which was the town of Greenwood in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Black Wall Streets were destroyed, burned down, and the Black people in them murdered by white mobs, savagely and without consequence. Now was that capitalism's fault or some kind of white cultural flaw? Or distinction that has gone unaddressed to this day? Now, I know some people don't like hearing about it,but imagine what it feels like to experience it.

美国资本主义支持奴隶制。 它支持黑人华尔街， 那些以前被奴役的黑人社区， 或者只有一代人。 他们在这里建立了伟大的企业、财富和社区。 其中最著名的是 俄克拉荷马州塔尔萨的格林伍德镇。 黑人华尔街被摧毁， 烧毁， 其中的黑人被白人暴徒残忍地杀害， 没有任何后果。 现在是资本主义的错 还是某种白人文化缺陷？ 还是至今仍未解决的区别？ 现在，我知道有些人不喜欢听到它， 但想象一下体验它的感觉。

I mean, America has had a talent retention strategy or something like it in place since 1619. Slavery provided white Americans with all the benefits of that barbaric and predatory industry. And although Black Wall Streets were built on the sustainable ideals of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness and property ownership, Black Wall Streets were destroyed because the people who built them were not white. Same system, very different outcomes.

我的意思是，自 1619 年以来 ，美国就制定了人才保留战略或类似的战略。奴隶制为美国白人提供了野蛮 和掠夺性行业的所有好处。尽管黑人华尔街是建立在生活、 自由、追求幸福和财产所有权的可持续理想之上的，但 黑人华尔街被摧毁了，因为建造它们的人不是白人。相同的系统，不同的结果。

Citigroup estimates that the racial wealth gap in the US has actually cost us 16 trillion dollars over the last 20 years alone.Now, let's just think about that for just a moment, the money that could have gone into the economy but didn't because of systemic racism that defined who benefited from America's growth.

花旗集团估计， 仅在过去的 20 年里，美国的种族贫富差距实际上就使我们损失了 16 万亿美元。 现在，让我们想一想， 这些钱本来可以进入经济，但 由于系统性的种族主义定义了谁从美国的增长中受益。

There's no need to reinvent the wheel here. If we want to make America as good as its promise, then we should apply the same tools of capitalism that built white wealth to build wealth in low-status communities. Especially --

这里没有必要重新发明轮子。 如果我们想让美国像它的承诺一样好， 那么我们应该使用建立白人财富的资本主义工具 在低地位社区建立财富。 尤其 -

Especially in terms of property ownership and real estate development, because real estate development in low-status communities in the US currently takes one of two paths. You know, first, poverty maintenance, wherein you'll see things likethe concentration of things, such as health clinics and government subsidized housing, excuse me, rental housing,pharmacies, philanthropic and government dollars pour in, and the nonprofit industrial complex seems to view poverty sort of as an authentic cultural attribute of the area. And thus you'll see all sorts of programs that are designed to sort of manage that poverty, but the communities do not improve. Money will be made, lots of it, but not for the local people. And in fact, one can view many of the well-intentioned programs as talent extraction,because the promising talent is encouraged to grow up and be somebody, but certainly not in their own hood.

尤其是在产权和房地产开发方面， 因为目前美国低层社区的房地产开发走的 是两条路之一。 你知道，首先是扶贫， 在这里你会看到诸如医疗诊所和政府补贴住房之类的东西的集中， 对不起，出租房屋，药房，慈善和政府资金涌入，非营利性工业综合体似乎将贫困视为该地区真正的文化属性。因此，您会看到各种旨在管理贫困的计划，但社区并没有改善。 会赚很多钱，但不是为了当地人。 事实上，人们可以将许多善意的计划 视为人才提取， 因为鼓励有前途的人才成长并成为名人， 但肯定不是他们自己。

And the other type is gentrification displacement. When urban populations grow, even some politicians and even some activistswill resist greater density. So you have rising demand and limited supply. And then prices go up. And gentrification generally means outsiders coming in to a community in order to build one that suits their needs and their desires, and it's not for the needs and desires of the people that are already in that community. But let's just be real, it's not always mutually exclusive, because people in those communities want nice things, too. They do. And that's why they leave whenever they can in order to experience them. So capitalism can fuel gentrification and displacement or poverty maintenance, but neither of these strategies actually help, the people in those communities live in the kind of neighborhoods that we all deserve.

另一种是高档化置换。 当城市人口增长时， 甚至一些政客甚至一些激进分子 也会抵制更大的密度。 因此，您的需求不断增加而供应有限。 然后价格上涨。 中产阶级化通常意味着外来者进入一个社区是为了建立一个适合他们的需要和愿望的社区， 而不是为了 已经在那个社区中的人们的需要和愿望。 但让我们真实一点， 它并不总是相互排斥的， 因为这些社区的人们也想要美好的东西。 他们是这样。 这就是为什么他们尽可能地离开 以体验它们。 因此，资本主义可以助长高档化和流离失所 或维持贫困， 但这些策略都没有真正帮助， 这些社区的人们生活在 我们都应得的那种社区。

What if we looked at low-status communities as though they were struggling companies? How would we turn them around?How would a talent retention model work on a neighborhood scale? So municipalities, they hand out corporate retention dealsbecause they believe that the economic activity that it will produce is actually worth the subsidy that they pay out. And so we'll need to do the same thing in low-status communities for the people that were led to believe that they need to measure success by how far they get away from those places. You know, we can't really force anybody to stay, but we can nudge them with lifestyle infrastructure, the type of stuff that we learned through our own market research that people told us that they wanted. Places like cafes and bars and bookstores and farmer's markets and, you know, the places that, frankly, you probably all like to go to, too. They build positive community interactions and make people feel really cool. So another nudge would be real access to property ownership and business ownership that keeps people vested in their neighborhoods. These are like benefits, you know, and company stock options, so when the community does well, so do the residents. It's kind of like the employees of a hot start-up. So how do we make sure that these benefits and stock options get in the right hands and appreciate and value for them?

如果我们把地位低下的社区 看作是苦苦挣扎的公司会怎样？ 我们将如何扭转他们的局面？ 人才保留模式如何在社区范围内发挥作用？因此，市政当局会发放企业保留协议 ，因为他们认为，这将产生的经济活动 实际上值得他们支付的补贴。 因此，我们需要在低地位社区 为那些被引导相信他们需要 通过远离这些地方的距离来衡量成功的人们做同样的事情。 你知道，我们不能真的强迫任何人留下来，但我们可以用生活方式基础设施来推动他们， 我们通过自己的市场研究 了解到人们告诉我们他们想要的那种东西。 像咖啡馆、酒吧、书店 和农贸市场这样 的地方，你知道，坦率地说，你可能也喜欢去的地方。 他们建立积极的社区互动 ，让人们感觉很酷。 因此，另一个推动将是真正获得财产所有权 和企业所有权 ，使人们归属于他们的社区。 你知道，这些就像福利和公司股票期权， 所以当社区做得好时， 居民也会做得好。 这有点像热门初创公司的员工。 那么，我们如何确保这些福利和股票期权 落到正确的手中，并为它们增值？

Now in the US, if you're accused of a crime and can't afford legal counsel, a public defender will be assigned to you. The same can be done for local property owners. Before a real estate transaction goes forward within a low-status community, the seller should receive quality legal and financial counsel, so they are fully aware of the value of their land and how they could maximize it through sensible refinancing, by building, you know, vertical additions for rentals and also accessory dwelling unitsand also using the value to do sensible refinancing, put their kids through college, build a business. You know, or maybe, you know, property owners might even be considered a protected class by the United States Securities and Exchange Commissionin order to protect Black wealth in particular and other low-status community wealth from the continuing liquidation that they still deal with. Because it is common for people who do own propertyin low-status communities to be approached all the time for quick cash offers. These are actual solicitations that I've received at my home. These can be very enticing to people who have never been led to believe that there's any real value in their community. And the thing is, it's all legal. And real estate companies, big and small, as well as private equity, have done a very effective job of increasing wealth inequality in the US by separating financially unsavvy people from any hope of generational wealth potential. So, you know --

现在在美国， 如果您被指控犯罪并且无法请律师费， 则会为您指派一名公设辩护人。 当地业主也可以这样做。 在低地位社区内进行房地产交易之前， 卖方应获得优质的法律和财务顾问， 以便他们充分了解其土地的价值 以及如何通过合理的再融资来最大化它， 通过建设，你知道，垂直增加租金 和附属住宅单元 ，并利用价值进行明智的再融资， 让他们的孩子完成大学学业，开展业务。 你知道，或者也许， 你知道，财产所有者甚至可能被 美国证券交易委员会视为受保护的阶层， 以保护黑人财富 和其他低地位社区财富 免受他们仍在处理的持续清算。 因为对于在低地位社区拥有房产的人来说，经常 被人联系以获得快速现金报价是很常见的。这些是我在家里收到的实际邀请。对于那些从未被引导相信他们的社区有任何真正价值的人来说，这些可能非常诱人。问题是，这一切都是合法的。以及大大小小的房地产公司，以及私募股权， 通过将不精通财务的人 与任何一代财富潜力的希望隔离开 来，在美国增加财富不平等方面做得非常有效。所以你知道 -

The SEC recently proposed new rules requiring businesses to report their greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to increase transparency of the risk to its investors. Maybe they should do the same thing for taxpayers. We know real estate and private equity firms can engage in predatory practices at the expense of taxpayers by privatizing the profits and socializing the costs. And this is because a business model that reduces opportunities for home ownership also creates more landless renters, exacerbates the concentration of poverty, and statistically increases poverty's ill effects, including higher rates of bad policing and incarcerationand lower health and educational outcomes. Their message shut out aspiring homeowners from the American dream. It comes at a cost to all of us, and so it should come at a far greater cost to those who do business like that.

美国证券交易委员会最近提出了新规则 ，要求企业报告其温室气体排放量 ，以提高对投资者的风险透明度。 也许他们应该为纳税人做同样的事情。 我们知道房地产和私募股权公司可以 通过将利润私有化和成本社会化来以牺牲纳税人为代价从事掠夺性行为。 这是因为减少拥有住房机会的商业模式也会创造更多的无地租房者，加剧贫困的集中度，并在统计上增加贫困的不良影响，包括更高的不良警务和监禁率以及更低的健康和教育成果。 他们的信息将有抱负的房主排除在美国梦之外。 这对我们所有人来说都是有代价的，因此 对于那些做这样的生意的人来说，它应该付出更大的代价。

Another issue is that some renters actually pay more in rent than they would on a mortgage. But most of us who actually need a mortgage cannot compete with the speed at which predatory speculators show up with all-cash deals. Period. A possible solution is for philanthropic organizations to buy properties at market value from those who actually choose to sell -- once they’re fully aware of what they’re selling ... and then hold themso that other folks within the communities have the time to get financing and then buy. That's a valuable cushion of time for people, and it gives people a chance to participate in the American dream. And it's a low-risk place to park capital.

另一个问题是，一些租户实际上支付的租金 比抵押贷款要多。 但我们大多数真正需要抵押贷款的人 无法与 掠夺性投机者出现全现金交易的速度竞争。 时期。 一个可能的解决方案是慈善组织以 市场价值从那些实际选择出售的人那里购买房产—— 一旦他们完全意识到他们在卖什么…… 然后持有它们 ，以便社区内的其他人 拥有是时候获得融资然后购买了。 这对人们来说是宝贵的时间缓冲， 它让人们有机会参与美国梦。 这是一个低风险的资本存放地。

These are some examples of just how we can build a restorative economic approach to capitalism. It's still capitalism, but with rules and practices that favor the outcomes that we need as a nation.

这些是我们如何 为资本主义建立恢复性经济方法的一些例子。 它仍然是资本主义， 但其规则和实践 有利于我们作为一个国家所需的结果。

But folks on the ground, they are not waiting. They're absolutely not waiting. In West Oakland, California, third generation West Oaklander Noni Session leads the East Bay Permanent Real Estate Cooperative. They have recently acquired property collectively to build a permanent, affordable, mixed-use real estate development that benefits its resident owners. The cooperative offers these lunchtime learning sessions so people can fully understand things about investment and development.And their current membership includes about 500 community, investor, resident and staff owners. And they have, to date, raised five million dollars for their community, landing and housing fund.

但是地面上的人们，他们没有等待。 他们绝对不会等。 在加利福尼亚州的西奥克兰， 第三代 West Oaklander Noni Session 领导着东湾永久房地产合作社。 他们最近集体收购了房产 ，以建造一个永久的、负担得起的、 混合用途的房地产开发项目，使其居民业主受益。 合作社提供这些午餐时间的学习课程 ，使人们可以充分了解有关投资和发展的事情。 他们目前的成员包括大约 500 名社区、投资者、 居民和员工所有者。 迄今为止，他们已经 为社区、土地和住房基金筹集了 500 万美元。

In Philadelphia, a community development program called Jumpstart, started by Ken Weinstein. He’s a commercial real estate developer, and the program provides training, mentoring and loans to aspiring local residential developers, mostly women and people of color. Since 2015, they’ve trained more than 2,500 people, more than 350 loans totaling more than 40 million dollarsthat have actually rehabbed more than 350 units, had been totally rehabilitated. Their respective activities actually improve the value of each other's properties. And they're reducing blight in Philly neighborhood by neighborhood, from the inside out.Jumpstart's now in more than 13 communities around the country.

在费城，一个名为 Jumpstart 的社区发展计划 由 Ken Weinstein 发起。 他是一名商业房地产开发商，该计划为 有抱负的当地住宅开发商（主要是女性和有色人种）提供培训、指导和贷款。 自2015年以来，他们培训了2500多人，贷款350多笔，总金额超过4000万美元，实际修复了350多个单元，已经完全修复。他们各自的活动实际上提高了彼此财产的价值。他们正在逐个街区地从内到外地减少费城的枯萎病。 Jumpstart 现在遍布全国超过 13 个社区。

And Dune Lankard is a member of the Eyak tribe in Alaska. And what he's working on is securing livelihoods for aspiring Native youth and women, you know, where he's from. And he's doing it through kelp farming in ancestral native waters. Kelp is a traditional food source, number one, and it also has important commercial components in bioplastics, in pharmaceuticals. And also they use it as an additive in cow feed to reduce the methane in it. I mean, it's amazing what it could do. But he is competing against multinational companies to actually own a piece of this emerging ocean industry for his people. He's going to be up against it, but he's got to be doing this. It's so important.

沙丘兰卡德是阿拉斯加埃亚克部落的成员。 他的工作是 为有抱负的土著青年和妇女确保生计， 你知道，他来自哪里。 他通过在祖传的本土水域种植海带来做到这一点。 海带是一种传统的食物来源，排名第一，它在生物塑料 和药物中也有重要的商业成分。 他们还使用它作为奶牛饲料中的添加剂来减少其中的甲烷。我的意思是，它可以做的事情令人惊讶。但他正在与跨国公司竞争，为他的人民真正拥有这个新兴海洋产业的一部分。他会反对它，但他必须这样做。这太重要了。

And in the South Bronx, there's this historic rail station, that brought my daddy, who was a Pullman porter, into the neighborhood where I was born and raised. Back in the 1940s, it was even harder to get a mortgage while Black. And he won 15,000 dollars in a horse race and carried it in a satchel back across the country and purchased a home near that rail station for his family. And that rail station has recently been acquired by his baby daughter, me, who is --

在南布朗克斯， 有一个历史悠久的火车站，它把我的 父亲，一个普尔曼搬运工 带到了我出生和长大的社区。 回到 1940 年代，在 Black 期间获得抵押贷款更加困难。 他在一场赛马中赢得了 15,000 美元， 并把它装在一个书包里带回了全国 ，并在那个火车站附近为他的家人买了一套房子。 而那个火车站最近被他的小女儿我收购了， 她是——

transforming it into a multi-use performance venue, an event hall for music and weddings and quinceañeras and gaming tournaments. And I ...

将其改造成一个多用途的表演场地， 一个音乐和婚礼的活动大厅，以及 quinceañeras 和游戏比赛。 和我 ...

I am the manifestation of my mommy and daddy's wildest dreams.

我是我妈妈和爸爸最疯狂梦想的体现。

I'm not saying that talent retention is going to solve all the problems associated with poverty maintenance or displacement and gentrification, or solve all the wrongs of capitalism. But I know we are not going to solve any of those problems without it.We don't have to keep building monuments that honor the shameful practices that created the inequality that low status-communities experience. If we use the tools of capitalism that we have, but in a much more restorative way, we can help people in low-status communities show that you don't have to move out of our neighborhoods to live in better ones.

我并不是说人才保留将解决 与维持贫困 或流离失所和高档化相关的所有问题， 或者解决资本主义的所有错误。 但我知道如果没有它，我们将无法解决任何这些问题。 我们不必继续建造纪念碑来纪念 那些造成低地位社区所经历的不平等的可耻做法。 如果我们使用我们拥有的资本主义工具，但以一种更具恢复性的方式，我们可以帮助低地位社区的人们表明，您不必搬出我们的社区就能生活在更好的社区中。