词根学习4：sequ；ambi；epi；hyp/hypo；therm

16『SEQU』

SEQU comes from the Latin verb sequi, meaning “to follow.” A sequel follows the original novel, film, or television show.

SEQU来自拉丁语动词sequi，意思是”跟随”。sequal，即续集，是原小说、电影或电视节目后续的作品。

sequential   [sɪˈkwenʃl]

adj.连续的;顺序的，按次序的;相继的;序列的;作为结果产生的，随之而来的;(避孕丸)按期服用以消除副作用的

(1) Arranged in order or in a series. (2) Following in a series.

(1)按顺序或系列排列的。(2)系列中的后续。

In writing the history of the revolution, his challenge was to put all the events of those fateful days in proper sequential order.

在写革命史时，他的挑战是把那些命运攸关的日子里发生的所有事件按适当的顺序排列。

Things in sequence, or regular order, are arranged sequentially. Most novels and films move sequentially, but some use techniques such as flashbacks that interrupt the movement forward in time. Sequential courses in college must follow each other in the proper order, just like sequential tasks or steps.

in sequence的事物是按顺序排列的(sequentially)。大多数小说和电影都是按顺序进行的，但也有一些使用了闪回等技术来打断时间的推移。大学中的顺序课程必须按照正确的顺序相互遵循，就像顺序任务或步骤一样。

subsequent   [ˈsʌbsɪkwənt]

adj.后来的;随后的;之后的;接后的

Following in time, order, or place; later.

在时间、顺序或地点上跟随；后来

Through all her subsequent love affairs, she never stopped thinking about the man who got away.

在随后的所有恋爱中，她从未停止过对那个离开的男人的思念。

The prefix sub- normally means “below,” and the sub- in subsequent seems to imply that everything after the first is somehow inferior. As the definition states, subsequent can refer to time (“All our subsequent attempts to contact her failed”), order (“The subsequent houses on the list looked even worse”), or place (“The subsequent villages on the river heading east become steadily more primitive”). But subsequently, as in “I subsequently learned the real story,” simply means “later.”

前缀sub-通常表示“下面”，而subsequent中的sub-似乎意味着第一个之后的一切都在某种程度上处于劣势。正如定义所述，subsequent可以指时间(“我们随后联系她的所有尝试都失败了”)、顺序(“名单上的后续房屋看起来更糟”)或地点(“向东的河流上的后续村庄变得越来越原始”)。但随后，正如“我随后了解了真实的故事”中所说的，意思只是“后来”。

consequential   [ˌkɑːnsɪˈkwenʃl]

adj.相应的;重要的;随之而来的;相应发生的;作为结果的;将产生重大结果的

(1) Resulting. (2) Important.

(1)结果。(2)重要。

None of our discussions thus far has been very consequential; next week’s meeting will be the important one.

到目前为止，我们的讨论都没有产生重大影响；下周的会议将是重要的会议。

Something consequential follows or comes along with something else. The “resulting” meaning of consequential is usually seen in legal writing. For example, “consequential losses” are losses that supposedly resulted from some improper behavior, about which the lawyer’s client is suing. But normally consequential means “significant” or “important,” and it’s especially used for events that will produce large consequences, or results.

Consequential的事物即随之而来的，跟随或伴随着其他事物。consequential的“后果”含义通常出现在法律写作中。例如，“间接损失”是指据称由律师的客户正在起诉的某些不当行为造成的损失。但通常情况下，consequential意味着“重大”或“重要”，特别用于将产生重大后果或结果的事件。

non sequitur   [ˌnɑːn ˈsekwɪtər]

n.不合逻辑的推论;未根据前提的推理

A statement that does not follow logically from anything previously said.

不符合前文逻辑的陈述。

Rattled by the question, his mind went blank, and he blurted out a non sequitur that fetched a few laughs from members of the audience.

被这个问题弄得晕头转向，他的脑子一片空白，他脱口而出了一句不符合逻辑的话，博得了观众的几声笑声。

Non sequitur is actually a complete sentence in Latin, meaning “It does not follow”-that is, something said or written doesn’t logically follow what came before it. It was Aristotle who identified the non sequitur as one of the basic fallacies of logic-that is, one of the ways in which a person’s reasoning may go wrong. 

Non sequitur在拉丁语中实际上是一个完整的句子，意思是“它未连续”，也就是说，所说或所写的东西在逻辑上不遵循之前的内容。亚里士多德将non sequitur(非逻辑推理)认定为逻辑的基本谬误之一，即一个人的推理可能出错的方式之一。

17『AMBI』

AMBI means “on both sides” or “around”; ambi- comes from Latin. Most of us are either right-handed or left-handed, but ambidextrous people can use their right and left hand equally well.

AMBI的意思是“两边”或“周围”；ambi-来自拉丁语。我们中的大多数人不是右利手就是左利手，但双手灵巧的人(ambidextrous people)可以同样好地使用右手和左手。

ambiguous   [æmˈbɪɡjuəs]

adj.模棱两可的;含混不清的;不明确的

(1) Doubtful or uncertain especially from being obscure or indistinct. (2) Unclear in meaning because of being understandable in more than one way.

(1)怀疑的或不确定的，尤指由于模糊或不清楚而引起的。(2)意思不清楚，因为可以用多种方式理解。

Successful politicians are good at giving ambiguous answers to questions on difficult issues.

成功的政治家善于对棘手问题给出模棱两可的答案。

Ambiguous comes from the Latin verb ambigere, “to be undecided.” When we say someone’s eyes are an ambiguous color, we mean we cannot decide which color they are-blue or green? The ambiguity of the Mona Lisa’s smile makes us wonder what she’s thinking about. An ambiguous order is one that can be taken in at least two ways; on the other hand, the order “Shut up!” may be rude but at least it’s unambiguous.

Ambiguous来自拉丁语动词ambigere，即“待定”。当我们说某人的眼睛是模糊的颜色时，我们的意思是我们无法决定他们是蓝色还是绿色。蒙娜丽莎微笑的模糊性让我们怀疑她在想什么。模棱两可的顺序是至少可以通过两种方式进行的；另一方面，命令“闭嘴！”可能很粗鲁，但至少它是明确的。

ambient   [ˈæmbiənt]

adj.周围环境的;周围的;产生轻松氛围的

Existing or present on all sides.

四面都存在的。

The ambient lighting in the restaurant was low, and there was a bright candle at each table.

餐厅的环境光线很暗，每张桌子上都有一支明亮的蜡烛。

Ambient light is the light that fills an area or surrounds something that’s being viewed, like a television screen or a painting. Scientists sometimes refer to the ambient temperature, the temperature of the surrounding air. “Ambient music” is the term used today for “atmospheric” background music usually intended for relaxation or meditation. The Candlelit restaurant in the example sentence is probably trying for a romantic ambience, or “atmosphere.”

环境光是填充一个区域或围绕正在观看的事物的光，如电视屏幕或绘画。科学家有时会参考环境温度，即周围空气的温度。“环境音乐”是今天用来指“气氛”背景音乐的术语，通常用于放松或冥想。示例句子中的烛光餐厅可能是为了营造浪漫氛围或“气氛”。

ambivalent   [æmˈbɪvələnt]

adj.(态度、情绪)矛盾的

(1) Holding opposite feelings and attitudes at the same time toward someone or something. (2) Continually wavering between opposites or alternative courses of action.

(1)同时对某人或某物持有相反的感觉和态度。(2)不断地在对立或交替的行动路线之间摇摆不定。

He was ambivalent about the trip: he badly wanted to travel but hated to miss the summer activities at home.

他对这次旅行感到矛盾：他非常想旅行，但又不想错过家里的夏季活动。

Since being ambivalent means simply having mixed feelings about some question or issue, some of us spend most of our lives in a state of ambivalence. We might feel ambivalence about accepting a high-paying job that requires us to work long hours, or about lending money to someone we like but don’t know well.

矛盾是一个相当新的词，不到一百年的历史，而且毫不奇怪。它首先被心理学家使用。由于矛盾意味着对某个问题或问题有着复杂的感觉，我们中的一些人一生中大部分时间都处于矛盾状态。我们可能会对接受一份需要我们长时间工作的高薪工作，或者借钱给我们喜欢但不熟悉的人感到矛盾。

ambit   [ˈæmbɪt]

adj.(权力、影响的)范围，界限

The range or limit covered by something (such as a law).

某物(如法律)所涵盖的范围或界限。

The treatment of farm animals generally falls outside the ambit of animal-cruelty laws in the U.S.

对农场动物的处理通常不在美国虐待动物法的范围之内。

Ambit is a rather formal term, often used by lawyers, as in, “With this new legislation, tobacco now falls within the ambit of FDA regulation.” It almost always refers to something abstract rather than an actual physical range. So, for example, an immigrant might live completely within the ambit of her immigrant community until she started college, where she might find herself in a much broader social ambit. Most of the Latin American colonies were established by Spain, but in the 19th century, as the U.S. became stronger and Spain became weaker, they began to enter the ambit of U.S. power.

Ambit是一个相当正式的术语，经常被律师使用，如“有了这项新立法，烟草现在属于FDA监管范围”。它几乎总是指抽象的东西，而不是实际的物理范围。因此，例如，一个移民在上大学之前可能完全生活在她的移民社区的范围内，在那里她可能会发现自己处于更广泛的社会范围内。大多数拉丁美洲殖民地是由西班牙建立的，但在19世纪，随着美国的强大和西班牙的衰弱，它们开始进入美国的势力范围。

18『EPI』

EPI is a Greek prefix that may mean various things, but usually “on, over” or “attached to.” So an earthquake’s epicenter is the ground right over the center of the quake. And your epidermis is the outer layer of your skin, on top of the inner dermis.

EPI是一个希腊语前缀，尽管有各种意思，但通常是“在其上”或“附加到”。因此，地震的震中是地震中心正上方的地面。你的表皮是你皮肤的外层，在真皮层的顶部。

epilogue   [ˈepɪlɔːɡ]

n.后记;(剧本、书籍、电影等的)收场白;尾声;跋

The final section after the main part of a book or play.

书或戏剧主要部分之后的最后一节。

Her editor told her the book really needed an epilogue, to tell where each member of the family is today.

她的编辑告诉她，这本书真的需要一个尾声，来陈述每个家庭成员的现状。

From its Greek roots, epilogue means basically “words attached (at the end).” An epilogue often somehow wraps up a story’s action, as in the one for a famous Shakespeare play that ends, “For never was a story of more woe/Than this of Juliet and her Romeo.” In nonfiction books, we now often use the term afterword instead of epilogue, just as we now generally use foreword instead of prologue. Movies also often have a kind of epilogue-maybe a scene after the exciting climax when the surviving lovers meet in a café to talk about their future. The epilogue of a musical composition, after all the drama is over, is called the coda (Italian for “tail”).

从希腊语的根源来看，后记基本上意味着“附加的话(在结尾处)”。后记通常以某种方式概括了一个故事的行动，就像莎士比亚著名戏剧结尾的故事一样，“因为从来没有比朱丽叶和她的罗密欧更悲惨的故事。”在非虚构类书籍中，我们现在经常使用afterword(后来)一词，而不是epilogue，正如我们现在通常使用foreword(前言)而不是prologue一样。电影也常常有一种epilogue，也许是在激动人心的高潮之后，幸存的恋人在咖啡馆相遇谈论他们的未来。在戏剧结束后，音乐作品的尾声被称为coda(尾曲)(意大利语“尾巴”)。

epiphyte   ['epifait]

n.附生植物；气生植物

A plant that obtains its nutrients from the air and the rain and usually grows on another plant for support.

从空气和雨水中获取养分的植物，通常生长在另一种植物上以获得养分。

The strangler fig begins life as an epiphyte on a tree branch, drops its tendrils to take root in the ground around the trunk, and slowly covers and strangles the tree to death.

绞杀榕一开始是树枝上的附生植物，它的卷须掉落在树干周围的地面上生根，然后慢慢地覆盖并勒死树。

Epiphytic plants are sometimes known as “air plants” because they seemingly survive on thin air. They rely on their host plants merely for physical support, not nourishment. Tropical epiphytes include orchids, ferns, and members of the pineapple family. To a newcomer in the tropical rain forest, the first sight of a great tree with large epiphytes hanging from every level can be eerie and astonishing. Familiar epiphytes of the temperate zone include lichens, mosses, and algae, which may grow on rocks or water without touching the soil.

附生植物有时被称为“气生植物”，因为它们似乎在稀薄的空气中生存。它们只依靠寄主植物提供身体支持，不需要其营养。热带附生植物包括兰花、蕨类植物和凤梨科植物。对于热带雨林的新手来说，第一眼看到一棵大树，每一层都悬挂着巨大的附生植物，可能会让人感到怪异和惊讶。温带常见的附生植物包括地衣、苔藓和藻类，它们可能生长在岩石或水中而不接触土壤。

epitaph   [ˈepɪtæf]

n.墓志铭;遗迹;悼文;祭文;(尤指)碑文;遗物;遗存

An inscription on a grave or tomb in memory of the one buried there.

墓碑上的铭文，以纪念埋葬在那里的人。

Epitaph includes the root from the Greek word taphos, “tomb” or “funeral.” Traditionally, epitaph refers to a tombstone inscription, but it can also refer to brief memorial statements that resemble such inscriptions. One of the most famous is Henry Lee’s epitaph for George Washington: “First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.”

墓志铭包括希腊单词taphos的词根，“坟墓”或“葬礼”。传统上，墓志铭指的是墓碑铭文，但也可以指类似于此类铭文的简短纪念声明。其中最著名的是亨利·李为乔治·华盛顿写的墓志铭：“战争中第一人，和平中第一人，同胞心中第一。”

epithet   [ˈepɪθet]

n.绰号;(尤用于褒贬人或事物特征或性质的)表述形容词，修饰语;别称;诨名

(1) A descriptive word or phrase occurring with or in place of the name of a person or thing. (2) An insulting or demeaning word or phrase.

(1)一个描述性的词或短语，出现在人或事物的名字中或代替其名称。(2)侮辱性或贬低性的词或短语。

King Richard I of England earned the epithet “Lionhearted,” while his brother, King John, was given the epithet “Lackland.” 

英国国王理查一世获得了“狮心”的称号，而他的弟弟约翰国王则获得了“拉克兰”的称号

From its Greek roots, epithet would mean something “put on,” or added. Sometimes the added name follows a given name, as in Erik the Red or Billy the Kid. When enemies are said to be “hurling epithets” at each other, it means they’re exchanging angry insults.

从希腊语的词根来看，这个词的意思是“穿上”或加上。有时，添加的名字跟在一个给定的名字后面，如“红色埃里克”或“比利小子”。当敌人被说成是互相“扔绰号”时，这意味着他们正在互相愤怒侮辱。

19『HYP/HYPO』

HYP/HYPO is a Greek prefix meaning “below, under.” Many hypo-words are medical. A hypodermic needle injects medication under the skin. Hypotension, or low blood pressure, can be just as unhealthy as the better-known hypertension, or high blood pressure.

HYP/HYPO是一个希腊语前缀，意思是“下面”。许多相关词为医学领域术语。皮下注射针在皮下注射药物。低血压可能与众所周知的高血压一样不健康。

Hypochondriac   [ˌhaɪpəˈkɑːndriæk]

n.疑病患者; adj.患疑病症的

A person overly concerned with his or her own health who often suffers from delusions of physical disease.

一个过度关注自己健康的人，经常患有身体疾病妄想症。

Hercule Poirot, the detective hero of the Agatha Christie mysteries, is a notorious hypochondriac, always trying to protect himself from drafts.

阿加莎·克里斯蒂谜团中的侦探英雄赫拉克勒·波洛(Hercule Poirot)是一个臭名昭著的疑病患者，总是试图保护自己不受草稿的影响。

One disease a hypochondriac really does suffer from is hypochondria, the anxiety and depression that come from worrying too much about one’s own health. Even though it’s easy to joke about hypochondriacs, hypochondria is no joking matter for the sufferer. Somewhat surprisingly, the second part of hypochondria derives from chondros, the Greek word for “cartilage.” The cartilage in question is that of the sternum, or breastbone. From ancient times, doctors believed that certain internal organs or regions were the seat of various diseases, both physical and mental, and the area under the breastbone was thought to be the source of hypochondria.

疑病患者真正患有的一种疾病是疑病，即过度担心自己的健康而产生的焦虑和抑郁。尽管人们很容易拿疑病患者开玩笑，但疑病患者并不是开玩笑的。令人惊讶的是，疑病症的第二部分源自软骨，即希腊语中的“软骨”。所讨论的软骨是胸骨的软骨。自古以来，医生们就认为某些内脏器官或区域是各种疾病的所在地，包括身体和精神疾病，胸骨下的区域被认为是疑病的根源。

hypoglycemia   [ˌhaɪpoʊglaɪˈsimiə]

n.低血糖症；血糖过低

Abnormal decrease of sugar in the blood.

血液中糖的异常减少。

She had been controlling her hypoglycemia through diet and vitamins, but she now realized she needed to add daily exercise as well.

她一直通过饮食和维生素控制低血糖，但现在她意识到自己也需要增加日常锻炼。

The root glyk- means “sweet” in Greek, so glyc shows up in the names of various terms referring to a sugar as a chemical ingredient, such as glycerine and monoglyceride. 

glyk-这个词根在希腊语中的意思是“甜”，所以甘氨酸出现在各种各样的名称中，指的是作为化学成分的糖，如甘油和单甘油酯。

hypothermia   [ˌhaɪpəˈθɜːrmiə]

n.体温过低

Subnormal temperature of the body.

体温低于正常值。

By the time rescuers were able to pull the boy from the pond's icy waters, hypothermia had reached a life-threatening stage.

当救援人员将男孩从冰冷的池塘中救出时，他的体温已经低到危及生命。

Hypothermia, which usually results from submersion in icy water or prolonged exposure to cold, may constitute a grave medical emergency. It begins to be a concern when body temperature dips below 95°F, and the pulse, breathing, and blood pressure start to decline. Below 90°, the point at which the normal reaction of shivering ceases, emergency treatment is called for.

低温通常是由于浸入冰水或长时间暴露在寒冷中而导致的，可能构成严重的医疗紧急情况。当体温降至95°F以下，脉搏、呼吸和血压开始下降时，这就开始成为一个问题。低于90°时，正常的颤抖反应停止，需要紧急治疗。

hypothetical   [ˌhaɪpəˈθetɪkl]

adj.(基于)假设的，假定的;有待证实的

(1) Involving an assumption made for the sake of argument or for further study or investigation. (2) Imagined for purposes of example.

(1)为论证或进一步研究或调查而作出的假设。(2)出于示例目的而想象。

The candidate refused to say what she would do if faced with a hypothetical military crisis.

这位候选人拒绝透露如果面临假想的军事危机，她会怎么做。

The noun hypothesis comes straight from the Greek word meaning “foundation” or “base”-that is something “put under” something else. So a hypothesis is something you assume to be true in order that you can use it as the base or basis for a line of reasoning-and any such assumption can be called hypothetical. Once a hypothesis has been thoroughly studied and researched without being proved wrong, it generally comes to be called a theory instead.

名词hypothesis直接来自希腊语，意思是“基础”，即“置于”其他事物之下的东西。所以hypothesis是你假设为真的东西，这样你就可以用它作为推理的基础，任何这样的假设都可以称为hypothesis。一旦一个假设被彻底研究而没有被证明是错误的，它通常被称为理论。

20『THERM』

THERM/THERMO comes from the Greek word meaning “warm.” A thermometer measures the amount of warmth in a body, the air, or an oven. A thermostat makes sure the temperature stays at the same level. And it’s easy to see why the German manufacturers of a vacuum-insulated bottle back in 1904 gave it the name Thermos.

THERM/THERMO来自希腊语，意为“温暖”。温度计测量身体、空气或烤箱中的温度。恒温器可确保温度保持在同一水平。1904年德国真空保温瓶制造商将其命名为Thermos。

thermal   [ˈθɜːrml]

adj.热的;热量的;保暖的;防寒的;温暖的

n.上升的热气流;保暖内衣裤

(1) Of, relating to, or caused by heat. (2) Designed to insulate in order to retain body heat.

(1)热的、与热有关的、或由热引起的。(2)设计用于隔热以保持身体热量。

A special weave called thermal weave traps insulating air in little pockets to increase the warmth of long underwear and blankets.

一种叫做热织物的特殊织物将隔热空气截留在小口袋中，以增加长内衣和毛毯的保暖性。

thermodynamics   [ˌθɜːrmoʊdaɪˈnæmɪks]

n.热力学

Physics that deals with the mechanical actions or relations of heat.

研究机械作用或热关系的物理学。

With his college major in electrical engineering, he assumed it would be an easy step to a graduate-school concentration in thermodynamics.

由于他的大学主修电气工程，他认为这将是进入研究生院集中学习热力学的轻松一步。

thermonuclear   [ˌθɜːrmoʊˈnuːkliər]

adj.热核的

Of or relating to the changes in the nucleus of atoms with low atomic weight, such as hydrogen, that require a very high temperature to begin.

属于或关于低原子量原子(如氢)的原子核的变化，这些变化需要很高的温度才能开始。

In the 1950s and ’60s, anxious American families built thousands of underground “fallout shelters” to protect themselves from the radiation of a thermonuclear blast.

在20世纪50年代和60年代，焦虑的美国家庭建造了数千个地下“沉降物避难所”，以保护自己免受热核爆炸的辐射。

British thermal unit

英国热量单位

The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit at a specified temperature.

在规定温度下，将一磅水的温度升高一华氏度所需的热量。

Wood-stove manufacturers compete with each other in their claims of how many British thermal units of heat output their stoves can produce.

木材炉灶制造商在其炉灶能产生多少英国热量单位的说法上相互竞争。

Despite its name, the British thermal unit, or BTU, may be more widely used in North America than in Britain. Air conditioners, furnaces, and stoves are generally rated by BTUs. (Though “BTUs” is often short for “BTUs per hour”, in air-conditioner ratings, for instance, “BTUs” really means “BTUs of cooling capacity per hour.”) Fuels such as natural gas and propane are also compared using BTUs. The BTU first appeared in 1876 and isn’t part of the metric system-the metric unit of energy is the much smaller joule-so it isn’t much used by scientists, but its practicality keeps it popular for consumer goods and fuels. A better-known heat unit is the calorie; a BTU is equal to about 252 calories. (Since the familiar food calorie is actually a kilocalorie, a BTU equals only about a quarter of a food calorie.)

尽管英国热量单位(BTU)的名称，但它在北美的使用可能比在英国更广泛。空调、火炉和炉灶通常按BTU进行评级。(尽管“BTUs”通常是“BTUsper hour”的缩写，例如，在空调额定值中，“BTUs”实际上意味着“每小时制冷量的BTUs。”)天然气和丙烷等燃料也使用BTUs进行比较。BTU最早出现于1876年，并不是公制的一部分。能量的公制单位是小得多的焦耳，因此科学家们不太使用它，但它的实用性使它在消费品和燃料中很受欢迎。更为人所知的热量单位是卡路里；BTU等于约252卡路里。(因为我们熟悉的食物热量实际上是千卡，所以BTU只相当于食物热量的四分之一。)