经济学顶刊 Journal of Labor Economics 2023年第1期
Journal of Labor Economics 2023年第1期
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1.School Finance Equalization Increases Intergenerational Mobility
学校财政均等化增加了代际流动性
Barbara Biasi
This paper estimates the causal effect of equalizing revenues across school districts on students’ intergenerational mobility. I exploit cohort differences in exposure to equalization generated by state-level reforms. To address the endogeneity of postreform revenues due to household sorting after a reform, I use a simulated-instruments approach that uses newly collected data on states’ funding formulas to simulate revenues without sorting. I find that equalization has a large effect on the mobility of low-income students. Reductions in input gaps between low-income and high-income districts are likely channels behind this effect.
本文估计了学区收入均等对学生代际流动性的因果影响。我利用了州一级改革所产生的平等接触的群体差异。为了解决改革后由于家庭分类而导致的改革后收入的内生性问题，我使用了一种模拟工具变量方法，该方法使用新收集的各州资金公式数据来模拟收入，而不进行分类。我发现均等化对低收入学生的流动性有很大影响。低收入和高收入地区之间投入差距的缩小可能是这种效应背后的渠道。
2.Understanding the Effects of Workfare Policies on Child Human Capital
Jorge Rodríguez
Workfare can impact child development by inducing parents to spend less time at home. I study the mechanisms by which workfare policies affect children using the New Hope workfare experiment. The program randomly assigned individuals to a policy bundle including income and childcare subsidies conditional on full-time work. For families with young children, the program had positive effects on child academic performance and classroom behavior. Counterfactual experiments from a dynamic discrete choice model indicate that most of the effect of New Hope on young children is explained by parents enrolling their children in center-based childcare.
工作福利可以通过诱导父母减少在家的时间来影响儿童的发展。我利用新希望工作福利实验研究了工作福利政策对儿童的影响机制。该计划将个人随机分配到一个以全职工作为条件的政策包，包括收入和儿童保育补贴。对于有年幼子女的家庭，该计划对孩子的学业表现和课堂行为有积极的影响。来自动态离散选择模型的反事实实验表明，新希望对年幼儿童的大部分影响可以通过父母将他们的孩子纳入以中心为基础的儿童保育来解释。
3.A Different Land of Opportunity: The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the Early Twentieth-Century United States
不同的机遇之地:二十世纪早期美国代际流动的地理分布
Hui Ren Tan
Has the geography of intergenerational mobility in the United States changed over time? Constructing a large historical linked sample, I show that upward mobility in the early twentieth century was greater for those who grew up in the coastal and industrial regions, in contrast to more recent times, where mobility is higher among persons who were raised in the middle of the country. The historical patterns are not driven by imperfections in record linkage or measurement error in economic status.
随着时间的推移，美国代际流动的地理位置是否发生了变化?通过构建一个庞大的历史关联样本，我发现，在20世纪早期，在沿海地区和工业地区长大的人的向上流动性更大，而在更近的时期，在中部地区长大的人的向上流动性更高。历史模式不是由记录联系的不完善或经济地位的测量误差驱动的。
4.The Minimum Wage, Self-Employment, and the Online Gig Economy
最低工资、自营职业和在线零工经济
Benjamin Glasner
This paper estimates the effect of minimum wage increases on work that is not covered by minimum wage laws. I find that minimum wage increases in the early 2000s resulted in small reductions in engagement in traditional self-employment. Following the development of the online gig economy in the 2010s, a 10% increase in the minimum wage increased the number of nonemployer establishments classified as transportation and warehousing services by approximately 2.7%. The counties most likely to exhibit a positive relationship between the minimum wage and participation in uncovered work are those with low labor market concentration and active Uber marketplaces.
本文估计了提高最低工资对不属于最低工资范围的工作的影响。我发现，21世纪初最低工资的提高导致了传统自营职业参与度的小幅下降。随着2010年代在线零工经济的发展，最低工资增加10%，被归类为运输和仓储服务的非雇主机构的数量增加了约2.7%。最低工资与未覆盖工作参与之间最可能表现出正相关关系的县是那些劳动力市场集中度较低和优步市场活跃的县。
5.Education Transmission and Network Formation
Vincent Boucher,Carlo L. Del Bello,Fabrizio Panebianco,Thierry Verdier, and Yves Zenou
We propose a model of intergenerational transmission of education wherein children belong to either highly educated or low-educated families. Children choose the intensity of their social activities, while parents decide how much educational effort to exert. Using Add Health data, we find that, on average, children’s homophily acts as a complement to the educational effort of highly educated parents but as a substitute for the educational effort of low-educated parents. We also find that policies that subsidize kids’ socialization efforts can backfire for low-educated students because they tend to increase their interactions with other low-educated students.
我们提出了一个教育代际传递的模型，其中儿童既属于高学历家庭，也属于低学历家庭。孩子们选择他们社会活动的强度，而父母决定学习的努力程度。利用Add健康数据，我们发现，平均而言，儿童的同质性对受教育程度高的父母的教育努力起到补充作用，但对受教育程度低的父母的教育努力起到替代作用。我们还发现，补贴儿童社交努力的政策可能会适得其反，因为它们倾向于增加与其他低教育学生的互动。
6.Explaining Recent Trends in US School Segregation
解释了最近美国学校隔离的趋势
Gregorio Caetano and Vikram Maheshri
From 2002 to 2018, the fraction of minority-segregated public schools in the United States roughly doubled, but the fraction of White-segregated schools decreased at an even faster rate. Endogenous segregation fueled by parents choosing schools on the basis of their racial compositions can in principle dwarf all other determinants of segregation over time because of social multiplier effects. However, we find that demographic change from Hispanic immigration has been the biggest driver of these trends. These findings are particularly pronounced in urban areas, which experienced the largest changes in segregation and are where policy makers are most concerned about the pernicious effects of segregation.
从2002年到2018年，美国少数族裔种族隔离公立学校的比例大约翻了一番，但白人种族隔离学校的比例下降得更快。由于社会乘数效应，由父母根据种族组成选择学校所推动的内生性隔离，在原则上可以使所有其他决定隔离的因素相形见绌。然而，我们发现来自西班牙裔移民的人口变化是这些趋势的最大驱动因素。这些发现在城市地区尤其明显，这些地区经历了种族隔离的最大变化，也是政策制定者最担心种族隔离的有害影响的地区。
7.Borrowing Constraints and the Dynamics of Return and Repeat Migration
借款限制和返回迁移与重复迁移的动态
Joseph-Simon Görlach
As wages in migrant-sending countries catch up with those in destinations, migrants adjust on several margins, including their duration of stay, the number of migrations they undertake, and the amount saved while abroad. This paper combines Mexican and US data to estimate a dynamic model of consumption, emigration, and remigration, accounting for financial constraints. An increase in Mexican household earnings shortens migration duration but raises the number of trips per migrant. For lower-income migrants, a rise in Mexican wages leads to a more than proportional effect on consumption expenditure in Mexico, arising from repatriated savings.
随着移徙者输出国的工资赶上目的地国的工资，移徙者会在几个方面进行调整，包括他们的停留时间、他们进行的移徙次数以及在国外的储蓄金额。本文结合墨西哥和美国的数据，在考虑金融约束的情况下，估计了一个消费、移民和移民的动态模型。墨西哥家庭收入的增加缩短了移民的时间，但增加了每个移民的旅行次数。对于低收入移民来说，墨西哥工资的上涨对墨西哥国内的消费支出产生了不成比例的影响，这是由汇回国内的储蓄引起的。
8.Putting the Husband Through: The Role of Credit Constraints in the Timing of Marriage and Spousal Education
让丈夫经历:信贷约束在结婚时机和配偶教育中的作用
Murat Iyigun and Jeanne Lafortune
In the United States, age at first marriage was lowest and the education gap between husbands and wives was highest during the 1950s. The conventional explanation for such a negative correlation is that early marriage leads to earlier and higher fertility, which in turn prevents women from acquiring education. Here, we propose that early marriages enabled couples to overcome credit constraints in education. A model that includes this motive and mechanism can replicate not only the marriage and education patterns observed in the middle of the century in the United States but also the overall trends over the twentieth century.
20世纪50年代，美国第一次结婚的年龄最低，夫妻之间的教育差距最大。对这种负相关关系的传统解释是，早婚导致更早和更高的生育率，这反过来又阻止了妇女接受教育。在这里，我们提出，早婚使夫妇能够克服教育中的信贷限制。一个包含这种动机和机制的模型不仅可以复制本世纪中叶在美国观察到的婚姻和教育模式，还可以复制20世纪的总体趋势。
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