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【TED ED 中英双语】 P32

2022-04-19 00:29 作者:阿狸烤鱼-  | 我要投稿

Are naked mole rats the strangest mammals

裸鼹鼠是最奇怪的哺乳动物吗

来源视频

What mammal has  the social life of an insect,

the cold-bloodedness of a reptile,

and the metabolism of a plant?

Bald and buck-toothed, naked mole rats  may not be pretty,

but they’re extraordinary.

With a lifespan of 30 years,

their peculiar traits have evolved  over millions of years

to make them uniquely suited  to survive harsh conditions,

especially long periods without oxygen.

什么哺乳动物拥有着 昆虫一样的社群生活,

爬行动物的冷血,

以及植物一样的新陈代谢?

光头龅牙的的裸鼹鼠 也许算不上漂亮,

但他们确实不同寻常。

在 30 年的生命周期中,

它们特别的特征在长达百万年的时间中不断进化,

使得他们以独特的方式 适应恶劣的环境,

特别是长期缺氧的环境。

In the deserts of East Africa,  naked mole rats feed on root vegetables.

They dig for the roots with teeth that can move independently, like chopsticks.

But even with these special teeth,

a single naked mole rat doesn’t stand  a chance of finding enough food;

the roots are large and nutritious, but scattered far and wide.

A large workforce has  a much better chance,

so naked mole rats live in colonies.

生活在在东非的沙漠, 裸鼹鼠以植物根部为食。

它们用像筷子一样,能够 单独移动的牙齿来挖掘根部。

但是即使有着这样特殊的牙齿

一只独居的裸鼹鼠没有 任何机会找到足够的食物;

植物的根部又大又有营养, 但是分布的宽而远。

唯有大量的劳动力才能有一个更好的机会。

所以裸鼹鼠以群落生活。

Similar to ants, bees, and termites,  they build giant nests.

Housing up to 300 mole rats,

these colonies feature complex  underground tunnel systems,

nest chambers,

and community bathrooms.

跟蚂蚁、蜜蜂以及白蚁相似, 他们建造巨大的巢穴。

一个巢穴居住着 最多 300 只裸鼹鼠,

这些群落以地下管道系统为显著特征,

还有像大厅一样的巢穴,

以及公共厕所。

Also like insects, naked mole rats  have a rigid social structure.

The dominant female, the queen,

and two to three males  that she chooses,

are the only naked mole rats  in the colony who have babies.

All the other naked mole rats,

male and female,

are either soldiers, who defend  the colony from possible invaders,

or workers.

Teams of workers are dispatched  to hunt for roots,

and their harvest feeds the whole colony.

跟昆虫还有一个相似之处: 裸鼹鼠遵循严格的社会结构。

雌性的支配者,也就是女王,

以及两到三个她选择的雄性,

是唯一担负生殖功能的群体。

其他的裸鼹鼠,

无论雄性还是雌性,

要么是士兵,负责防御,

要么是工人。

工人团队被派往获取食物,

它们的收获供给着整个群落。

Living in a colony helps naked mole rats  find enough food,

but when so many animals live in  the same underground space,

oxygen quickly runs out.

Mammals need a lot of oxygen;

we use it to make the energy  that fuels everything

from maintaining our body temperatures

to our heartbeats

to voluntary movements.

Without oxygen, we quickly die.

居住在这样的一个 能够找到充足食物的群落里,

有个问题是大量的动物 同时居住在一个空间里,

氧气很快就会被耗尽。

哺乳动物需要大量的氧气;

我们用氧气来生产能量, 供给所有的活动,

从维持体温,

到心跳,

到自主运动。

没有氧气,我们很快就会死。

In fact, no other mammal could survive  the oxygen depletion

experienced in a naked mole rat colony.

Naked mole rats can thrive in low oxygen

in part because they’ve abandoned  one of the body functions

that requires the most oxygen:

thermoregulation.

Most mammals are warm-blooded,

meaning they have to keep  their body temperature consistent.

Naked mole rats don’t get enough  oxygen to do this.

Instead, they’re the only mammals

whose body temperature fluctuates  with their environment,

making them cold-blooded, like reptiles.

事实上,没有其他任何哺乳动物能够在 裸鼹鼠那种氧气短缺的情况下生存,

裸鼹鼠能在低氧的环境下生长,

部分原因是因为它们放弃部分需要大量氧气的身体机能——调节温度。

(原翻译:部分原因是因为 它们放弃部分身体机能,

需要大量氧气的

温度调节。)

大部分哺乳动物都是温血的,

意味着它们要保持体温恒定。

裸鼹鼠并没有足够的氧气去做这个。

它们是唯一的体温随环境温度变化的哺乳动物,

这使得它们像爬行动物一样冷血。

(原翻译:它们是唯一的哺乳动物,

体温随环境温度波动,

使得它们像爬行动物一样冷血。)

They also have a special  type of hemoglobin,

the molecule in the blood  that transports oxygen.

Their hemoglobin is much stickier  for oxygen than ours

and can pick oxygen up  even when it’s scarce.

In response to a real oxygen emergency,

naked mole rats enter  a state of suspended animation.

They stop moving,

slow their breathing,

and dramatically lower their heart rate.

This greatly reduces the amount of energy, and therefore oxygen, they need.

At the same time, they begin  to metabolize fructose, like a plant.

他们同时有着一种特殊的血红蛋白,

这种分子在血液中负责运输氧气。

它们的血红蛋白比我们的更加粘,

能够在氧气很稀薄的情况下 也能进行收集。

如果真的遇到了紧急缺氧的情况,

裸鼹鼠就会进入停滞运动状态。

他们停止运动,

减慢呼吸,

以及极度降低它们的心率。

这极大地缩减了需要的能量, 进而减少氧气需求。

同时,他们开始消化果糖, 就像植物一样。

Fructose is a sugar that can be used  to make energy without burning oxygen.

Usually, mammals metabolize  a different sugar called glucose

that makes more energy than fructose,

but glucose only works  when oxygen’s available.

Human brain and heart cells have  some cellular machinery to use fructose,

but not nearly as much as naked mole rats.

Naked mole rats are, in fact, the only mammals known to have this ability.

While we can hope humans won’t ever need

to exclusively live  in underground tunnels,

there are many situations where  we would benefit from needing less oxygen.

果糖是一种不需要消耗氧气, 但也能产生能量的一种糖。

通常,哺乳动物使用另一种 名叫葡萄糖的糖

来产生能量,而不是果糖。

但是葡萄糖只有在氧气 存在的情况下能够转化成能量。

人的大脑和心细胞有着 一些细胞消耗果糖的机制,

但是跟裸鼹鼠就差得很远了。

裸鼹鼠实际上是唯一一个 有这种能力的哺乳动物。

虽然我们希望人类永远不需要

仅仅住在地下通道,

但是还是有很多我们可以 从需要更少的氧气中获益情况。

During heart attacks  and other medical emergencies,

people often die or sustain debilitating  organ damage from oxygen deprivation.

Could we replicate the naked mole rat’s  use of the fructose pathway

for human health?

It took millions of years of evolution  to bring the behavior of an insect,

the temperature regulation of a reptile,

and the energy production of a plant

together in one little mammal,

but maybe, with enough study,

we can replicate just a few  of their wild adaptations.

在心脏病突发以及 其他紧急医疗情况时,

人们经常因为缺氧而死亡或是器官受损。

我们能复制裸鼹鼠使用果糖的方法,

使得人类的健康也能从中受益吗?

裸鼹鼠花了几百万年的时间才将 昆虫的习性,

爬行动物的体温调节,

以及植物的能量生产方式

集为一体。

但是也许,通过充足的研究

我们能复制它们的一些野性的适应。

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