HYPERPLASIA IS AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF CELLS IN AN ORGAN OR TISSUE

增生是指器官或组织中细胞数量的增加

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia often occur concurrently.

肥大和增生常同时发生。

hyperplasia 增生 /ˌhaɪpɚ'pleʒə/

concurrently 同时发生的、并存的 /kənˈkə..əntlɪ/

The specific stimuli that induce hyperplasia and the mechanisms by which they act vary greatly from one tissue and cell type to the next.

诱导增生的特定刺激及其作用机制因组织和细胞类型的不同而有很大差异。

Whatever the stimulus, hyperplasia involves stimulating resting cells (G0) to enter the cell cycle (G1) and then to multiply.

无论是什么刺激，增生都包括刺激静息细胞(G0)进入细胞周期(G1)，然后增殖。

multiply 增加 /'mʌltɪplaɪ/

This may be a response to an altered endocrine milieu, increased functional demand or chronic injury.
这可能是对内分泌环境改变、功能需求增加或慢性损伤的反应。

milieu 环境 /mi'ljɜː/

Hormonal stimulation: Changes in hormone concentrations, whether physiologic or pathologic, can elicit proliferation of responsive cells.

激素刺激：激素浓度的变化，无论是生理的还是病理的，都能引起反应细胞的增殖。

hormone 激素 /hɔr'monl/

concentration 集中、浓缩 /'kɑnsn'treʃən/

elicit 引出 /ɪˈlɪsɪt/

The normal increase in estrogens at puberty or early in the menstrual cycle leads to increased numbers of endometrial and uterine stromal cells.

青春期或月经周期早期雌激素的正常增加会导致子宫内膜和子宫间质细胞的数量增加。

estrogen 雌激素 /'ɛstrədʒən/

puberty 青春期 /'pjubɚti/

menstrual 月经期的 /'mɛnstruəl/

endometrial 子宫内膜的 /ˌendəu'mi:triəl/

uterine 子宫的 /'jʊtərɪn/

stromal 基质的 /'stromə/

Exogenous estrogen administration to postmenopausal women has the same effect.

外源性雌激素对绝经后妇女也有同样的效果。

exogenous 外源性的、外因的 /ɛks'ɑdʒɪnəs/

postmenopausal 绝经后的 /ˌpostmɛnə'pɔzəl/

Ectopic hormone production may also result in hyperplasia.

异位激素的产生也可能导致增生症。

ectopic 异位的 /ɛk'tɑpɪk/

For example, erythropoietin production by renal tumors may lead to hyperplasia of erythrocytes in the bone marrow.

例如，肾肿瘤产生的促红细胞生成素可能会导致骨髓中红细胞的增殖。

erythropoietin 红细胞生成素 /ɪ,rɪθropɔɪ'itɪn/

renal 肾脏的 /'rinl/

erythrocyte 红细胞 /ɪ'rɪθrəsaɪt/

Increased functional demand: Hyperplasia, like hypertrophy, may be a response to increased physiologic demand.

功能需求增加：与肥大一样，肥大也可能是对生理需求增加的反应。

To illustrate, at high altitudes, low atmospheric oxygen content leads to compensatory hyperplasia of erythrocyte precursors in the bone marrow and increased erythrocytes in the blood (secondary polycythemia).

举个例子，在高海拔地区，低氧含量会导致骨髓中红细胞前体的代偿性增殖和血液中红细胞的增多(继发性红细胞增多症)。

compensatory 代偿性的 /kəm'pɛnsə,tori/

precursor 前体 /pri'kɝsɚ/

polycythemia 红血球增多症 /ˌpɑlisaɪ'θimiə/

Chronic blood loss, as in excessive menstrual bleeding, also causes hyperplasia of erythrocytic elements.

慢性失血，就像月经过多一样，也会导致红细胞成分的增殖。

Chronic injury: Long-standing inflammation or chronic physical or chemical injury often results in a hyperplastic response.

慢性损伤：长期的炎症或慢性物理或化学损伤通常会导致增生性反应。

A common cause is pressure from ill-fitting shoes, which causes hyperplasia of the skin of the foot, termed corns or calluses.

一种常见的原因是不合脚的鞋子带来的压力，这会导致足部皮肤的增生，称为鸡眼或老茧。

[1] Emanuel Rubin, Howard M. Reisner.Essentials of Rubin’s pathology [M].6th ed.Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,April 30, 2013:5-6

[2] 文中音标源自“欧路词典”美式读音

[3] 本内容不涉及医疗建议，如遇健康问题请及时就医。

专栏内容及词汇由本人整理并编辑，仅供学习交流使用，请勿转载或商用，谢谢大家！