Cultural Encounters文化冲突
We live in an age of easy access(n.→adj. accessible) to the rest of the world. (开门见山,段落topic sentence,an era of information explosion信息爆炸的时代)Cheap flights mean that millions of people are able to visit places (补充where) their parents could only dream about, while theInternet(inter-……之间) enables us to communicate with the remotest(a.→n.remoteness;区分distant强调距离,far→语感≡ ̄﹏ ̄≡) places and the traditional postal services are now referredto almost mockingly(joint venture合资企业)as (把……称作……)snail mail . When students go off backpacking , they can email their parents from Internet cafes in the Himalayas or from a desert oasis. And as for(至于,关于) mobile(automobile,汽车) phones(cellular,移动电话;smart phone智能手机) — the clicking of text messaging at any hour of the day or night has become familiar to(sth. is familiar to sb.;sb. is familiar with sth.) us all. Everyone, it seems, provided(连词,引导条件句), of course, they can afford to do so, need never be out of touch(总结,It seems that everyone need be out of touch if they can afford to do it.)(be in touch with sb.).
我们生活在一个可以轻易接触世界其他地方的时代。廉价的航班意味着数以百万计的人能够去他们的父母只能梦想的地方,而互联网使我们能够与最偏远的地方沟通,传统的邮政服务现在几乎被戏称为蜗牛邮件。当学生们背包旅行时,他们可以在喜马拉雅山或沙漠绿洲的网吧里给父母发电子邮件。至于手机,无论白天或晚上的任何时候,点击短信已经成为我们大家所熟悉的。似乎每个人,当然,只要他们有能力这样做,就永远不需要脱离现实。
Significantly also, this great global communications revolution is also linked to(be conected with ,be related to) the expansion(n.→v. expand;区分extand) of English, which has now become the leading(起主导作用的) international language.
同样重要的是,这场伟大的全球通信革命也与英语的扩展有关,英语现在已经成为主要的国际语言。
Conferences and business meetings around the globe are held in English, regardless of(不管) whether anyone present(v.呈现;出席 n.礼物 adj.出席会议的,与会的〈往往做后置定语〉) is a native English speaker. English has simply(加强语气的副词,简直……) become the language that facilitates communication, and for many people learning English is an essential stepping stone (垫脚石,踏板,跳板)(acquisition习得)(spring弹簧→springboard跳板)on the road to success.
世界各地的会议和商务会议都是用英语举行的,不管在场的人是否以英语为母语。英语已经成为一种方便交流的语言,对许多人来说,学习英语是通往成功道路上必不可少的踏脚石。
So why, you may wonder, (插入语)would anyone have misgivings about all these wonderful developments(so you may wonder why would……), and why does the rise(n.)(expansion同义词替换) of English as a global language cause feelings of uneasiness(misgivings) for(连词) some of us? For there are in'deed(的确) problems with the communications revolution, problems that are not only eco'nomic(ahj.)(economical节约的,经济的). Most fundamental(→adv. fundamentally)(syn.basic)(foundation地基)(补充,problem) is the profound(思想深刻→adv.profoundly) relationship between language and culture that lies(位于) at the heart of society and one(指代上文relationship) that we overlook at our peri(e)l(at one's peril).(★学术性语言,把简单的事情说复杂、说高级)(we overlook this peril...)
所以,你可能会想,为什么会有人对所有这些美妙的发展感到担忧?为什么英语作为全球语言的崛起会让我们中的一些人感到不安?因为通信革命确实存在一些问题,这些问题不仅仅是经济方面的。最根本的是语言和文化之间的深刻关系,这是社会的核心,如果我们忽视了这一点,我们就会面临危险。
Different cultures are not simply(not just;not enough to say that) groups of people who label(tag)the world differently; languages give us the means(ways;methods) to shape our views of the world and languages are different from one another. (mutual understanding相互理解) We express what we see and feel through language, and because languages are so clearly culture-related(culture-loaded文化负载、culture-oriented文化导向) , often we find that what we can say in one language cannot be expressed at all in another. The English word homesickness translates into Italian as nostalgia, but English has had to borrow that same word to describe a different state of mind(心态,心境,mentality), something that is not quite homesickness and involves(包含,包括) a kind of longing. Homesickness and nostalgia(n.→adj.nostalgic)put(过去分词) together are almost, but not quite, the Portuguese(adj.葡萄牙人/语的;n.葡萄牙人/语→portugal葡萄牙) saudade, an untranslatable word that describes a state of mind that is not despair, angst (English borrowed that from German), sadness or regret, but hovers somewhere in and around all those words.
不同的文化不仅仅是一群给世界贴上不同标签的人;语言为我们提供了塑造世界观的途径,而语言又是各不相同的。我们通过语言来表达我们的所见所闻,因为语言与文化有着明显的联系,我们经常发现我们能用一种语言表达的东西在另一种语言中根本无法表达。英语单词homesickness在意大利语中翻译为乡愁,但英语不得不借用这个单词来描述一种不同的精神状态,一种不完全是乡愁,而是一种渴望的状态。乡愁和乡愁加在一起,几乎是(但不完全是)葡萄牙语中的saudade。saudade是一个无法翻译的词,描述的是一种不是绝望、焦虑(英语是从德语借来的)、悲伤或遗憾的心理状态,但它徘徊在所有这些词之中或周围。
The early Bible translators hit the problem of untranslatability head-on(face to face). (正式英文版《圣经》1611年,King James Version)How do you translate the image(形象,印象) of the Lamb of God for a culture in which sheep do not exist?
早期的圣经翻译者遇到了不可译的问题。在一个没有羊的文化中,你如何翻译上帝羔羊的形象?
What exactly was the fruit that Eve picked in the Garden of Eden? What was the creature(生物,生灵<上帝创造creat>) that swallowed Jonah, given(介词,引导原因,“考虑到……”) that whales are not given to (not be given to,not usually do sth.)(are not likely)swimming in warm, southern seas? Faced with unsurmountable(不可征服的) linguistic(linguistics语言学) problems, translators negotiated(→adj.negotiable) (协商;谈判)the boundaries between languages and came up with a compromise(concession让步).(Faced with the unconquerable linguistic problems, translators managed to deal with the differences between languages and thought of a version that was similar to the original in spirits.)(compromise on sth./compromise with sb.)
夏娃在伊甸园里摘的到底是什么果实?既然鲸不喜欢在温暖的南方海洋里游泳,那么吞下约拿的是什么生物呢?面对无法克服的语言问题,翻译人员通过揣摩,找到了语言之间的界限,并想出了一个折衷方案。
Compromising is something that speakers of more than one language understand.
说多种语言的人都能理解妥协
When there are no words in another language for what you want to say, you make adjustments and try to approximate(v.贴近,靠近;be close). English and Welsh speakers make adjustmentsregarding(介词,关于:concerning,as regards,on the subject.of,in terms of,considering,) the colour spectrum(色谱) in the grey/green/blue/brown range(范围a wide range of sth.)(可当动词range from to)(scope:更多说抽象事物的范围.It is within my scope.)(originality原创性), since(引导原因) English has four words and Welsh(adj. 威尔士语的→n.Wales)has three. And even抽象 where words do exist, compromises still need to be made. The word democracy means(谓语) completely different things in different contexts(上下文,语境★学语言重点), and even a word like bread which refers to (与refer to……as区分↹提及,提到,指的是)a staple(v.订) food(主食) item(条目,条款) made of flour means totally different things to different people. The flat breads of Central Asia(中亚) are a long way away from (so different from)Mother's Pride white sliced toasties, yet the word bread has to serve(v.为……而服务) for both.
当你想表达的内容在另一种语言中找不到合适的词时,你就会做出调整,尽量接近。说英语和威尔士语的人会根据颜色光谱在灰色/绿色/蓝色/棕色范围内进行调整,因为英语有四个单词,而威尔士语有三个。即使在语言存在的地方,妥协仍然需要。“民主”这个词在不同的语境中意味着完全不同的东西,甚至像面包这样指面粉做的主食的词,对不同的人来说也意味着完全不同的东西。中亚的扁平面包与“母亲的骄傲”(Mother’’’’’)白色切片吐司相去甚远,但“面包”这个词同时也适用于这两种面包。
Inevitably(unavoidably不可避免的), the spread of English means that millions of people are adding another language to their own and are learning how to negotiate cultural and linguistic differences. This is an essential(neccacary,important,……) skill in today's hybrid(mixed混合多元的) world, particularly now when(引导定语从句) the need for international understanding has rarely been so important. But even as(正当) more people become multilingual, so native English speakers are losing out, for they are becoming ever more monolingual, and hence(因此,引导结果) increasingly unaware(be unaware of)(syn.unconcious更多身体上) of the differences between cultures that languages reveal(揭露,展示)(syn.uncover,unveil)(n.revealation). Communicating in another language involves(包含) not only linguistic skills(语言技能), but the ability to think differently, to enter into another culture's mentality(心态) and shape language accordingly(相应地). Millions of people are discovering how to bridge(v.搭建桥梁) cultures, while the English-speaking world becomes ever more complacent(自满→complacency(n.)) and cuts down on (削减,犹指数量)foreign language learning programmes(常见表达) in the mistaken belief that it is enough to know English.
不可避免的是,英语的传播意味着数以百万计的人正在为自己的母语添加另一门语言,并正在学习如何处理文化和语言差异。在当今这个混合的世界里,这是一项必不可少的技能,尤其是在对国际理解的需求很少像现在这样重要的时候。但是,即使越来越多的人会说多种语言,以英语为母语的人也在失去优势,因为他们变得越来越只会说一种语言,因此越来越没有意识到语言所揭示的文化差异。用另一种语言交流不仅需要语言技巧,还需要以不同的方式思考,进入另一种文化的心态,并相应地塑造语言。数以百万计的人正在探索如何在文化之间架起桥梁,与此同时,英语世界变得更加自满,错误地认为懂英语就足够了,从而减少了外语学习项目。
World peace in the future depends on intercultural understanding. Those best placed to help that process(world peace process) may not be the ones with the latest technology(最新技术) and state of the art (最顶尖的)mobile phones, but those with the skills to understand what(引导三个名词性从句) lies in(言内之意,字面含义), (lies) under (言下之意,隐含意义)and (lies)beyond(言外之意,超越词语本身意义) the words spoken in many different languages. under and beyond the words spoken in many different languages.
未来的世界和平取决于不同文化间的理解。最有能力帮助实现这一过程的可能不是那些拥有最新技术和最先进移动电话的人,而是那些能够理解许多不同语言中所包含的、隐藏的和隐藏的内容的人。