词根学习2

写在前面：

8.大小写、中英文、全半角如果有问题请多担待，因为没有经过第二人校对。

9.想了下，等更完全部大概是240个词根，会整理成pdf放链接分享。

10.忘了说过没有，但请原谅文盲博主多处不通顺的中文。

11.上周读小说更新慢了呜呜

12.想到再补

6『PROB』

PROB comes from the Latin words for “prove or proof” and “honesty or integrity.”

PROB来自拉丁语单词“证明或证明”和“诚实或正直”

A probe, whether it's a little object for testing electrical circuits or a spacecraft headed for Mars, is basically something that's looking for evidence or proof.  Probable originally described something that wasn't certain but might be“provable.”

“probe”一词可以是小到测试电路的探针，也可以是大到目标火星的航空探测器，基本上表示用以寻找证据的事物。“probable”则指不确定但可能“provable”(可证明)。

approbation  [ˌæprəˈbeɪʃn]

认可;批准

A formal or official act of approving; praise, usually given with pleasure or enthusiasm.

正式的或官方的批准；(通常愉快或热情地给予的)赞美。

The senate signaled its approbation of the new plan by voting for it unanimously.

参议院一致投票支持这项新计划，以此表示对该计划的认可。

Approbation is a noun form of approve, but approbation is usually stronger than mere approval. 

“approbation”是“approve”的名词形式，但“approbation”通常比“approval”更强烈。

probate  [ˈproʊbeɪt]

遗嘱认证;遗嘱检验;核实(或检验)遗嘱

The process of proving in court that the will of someone who has died is valid, and of administering the estate of a dead person.

在法庭上证明某人的遗嘱是有效的，以及管理死者遗产的过程。

When her father died, she thought she would be able to avoid probate, but she wasn't that lucky.

当她父亲去世时，她认为自己能够避免遗嘱认证，但她没有那么幸运。

Ever since people have written wills, those wills have had to be proven genuine by a judge. Without a probate process, greedy acquaintances or relatives could write up a fake will stating that all the person’s wealth belonged to them. To establish a will as genuine, it must generally be witnessed and stamped by someone officially licensed to do so. 

人们写了遗嘱后，必须由法官证明真实性。如果没有遗嘱认证程序，贪婪的熟人或亲戚可以编造一份假遗嘱，声称此人的所有财产都属于他们。要确定遗嘱是真实的，通常必须由正式授权的人见证并盖章。

probity   [ˈproʊbəti]

诚实;正直

Absolute honesty and uprightness.

绝对的诚实与正直。

Her unquestioned probity helped win her the respect of her fellow judges.

她无可置疑的正直为她赢得了同行评委的尊重。

Probity is a quality the public generally hopes for in its elected officials but doesn't always get. 

公正廉洁是民众对所选官员品质的普遍期望，然而并不能永远如愿。

reprobate   [ˈreprəbeɪt]

堕落的人;不道德的人;谴责;拒绝；(上帝)摒弃;被摒弃的;邪恶的

A person of thoroughly bad character.

性格极坏的人。

His wife finally left him, claiming he was a reprobate who would disappear for weeks at a time, gambling and drinking away all his money.

他的妻子最终离开了他，声称他是一个极其堕落的人，他会一次消失几个星期，并在赌博和喝酒上把钱花光。

The related verb of reprobate is reprove, which originally, as the opposite of approve, meant “to condemn.” Thus, a reprobate, as the word was used in Biblical translations, was someone condemned to hell. But for many years reprobate has been said in a tone of joshing affection, usually to describe someone of doubtful morals but good humor.

“reprobate”的相关动词是“reprove”，其最初含义与“approve”相反，意思是“condemn”(谴责)。因此，“reprobate”一词在圣经翻译中指被判入地狱的人。但如今，人们更多以一种开玩笑的口吻说“reprobate”，通常用来形容德行有亏但幽默风趣的人。

7『GRAV』

GRAV comes from the Latin word meaning “heavy, weighty, serious.”

GRAV来自拉丁语，意思是“沉重的、有分量的、严肃的”。

Gravity is, of course, what makes things heavy, and without it there wouldn't be any life on earth, since nothing would stay on earth at all.

众所周知，重力是使物体“变重”的原因，如果没有重力，地球上就不会有生命，也根本就不会有任何东西。(“on earth”双关)

grave   [ɡreɪv , ɡrɑːv]

n.坟墓;墓穴;坟头;死亡;去世;逝世

adj.严重的;重大的;严峻的;深切的;严肃的;庄严的;表情沉重的

n.钝重音符;沉音符;抑音符

vt.雕刻;铭记

v.刻;对(船底)作清洗并涂上沥青等涂料;铭记

adv.庄重地;极慢地

(1) Requiring serious thought or concern. (2) Serious and formal in appearance or manner.

(1)需要认真思考的。(2)外表及举止严肃而正式。

We realized that the situation was grave and that the slightest incident could spark all-out war.

我们意识到形势严峻，稍有不慎即将爆发全面战争。

Gravity has a familiar physical meaning but also a nonphysical meaning-basically "seriousness." 

“gravity”一词的物理意义众所周知，但同时也有一个非物理学的意义，即“严肃”。

Even though Shakespeare makes a pun on grave when a dying character talks about being buried the next day (“Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man”), the word meaning “hole for burying a body” isn't actually related.

莎士比亚在一个垂死的人物谈论第二天将被埋葬之事时，对“grave”一词上设置了双关(“要是你明天找我，你会发现我是一个在坟墓里的人/严肃的人”)，而其中的“grave”并不真表示坟墓。

gravitas   [ˈɡrævɪtɑːs]

严肃;庄严

Great or very dignified seriousness.

非常严肃。

The head of the committee never failed to carry herself with the gravitas she felt was appropriate to her office.

委员会负责人始终保持着她认为适合自己身份的严肃态度。

We use gravitas today to identify the same solemn dignity in men and women.

今天，我们用“gravitas”一视同仁地表示男性和女性的庄严。

gravitate   [ˈɡrævɪteɪt]

被吸引到;受吸引而参加

To move or be drawn toward something, especially by natural tendency or as if by an invisible force.

向某物移动或被某物吸引，尤指由自然倾向或仿佛由无形的力量所吸引。

On hot evenings, the town’s social life gravitated toward the lakefront, where you could stroll the long piers eating ice cream or dance at the old Casino.

在炎热的夜晚，小镇的社交生活集中在湖边，在那里，你可以吃着冰淇淋漫步在长长的码头上，或在老赌场跳舞。

To gravitate is to respond, almost unconsciously, to a force that works like gravity to draw things steadily to it as if by their own weight. Thus, young people gravitate toward a role model, moths gravitate to a flame, and a conversation might gravitate toward politics.

“gravitate”是几乎无意识地回应一种力量，这种力量像重力一样，将物体稳定地拉向它，就像是靠自己的重量一样。因此，年轻人被榜样所吸引，飞蛾扑向火焰，谈话的主题可能趋向政治。

aggravate   [ˈæɡrəveɪt]

加重;使严重;使恶化;(尤指故意地)激怒，惹恼

(1) To make (an injury, problem, etc.) more serious or severe. (2) To annoy or bother.

(1) 使(伤势、问题等)更严重。(2) 惹怒或打扰。

She went back to the soccer team before the knee was completely healed, which naturally aggravated the injury.

她膝盖尚未完全愈合就回到了足球队，这自然加重了伤势。

Since the grav- root means basically “weighty or serious,” the original meaning of aggravate was “to make more serious.” 

由于“grav-”词根的意思基本上是“沉重或严重”，所以“aggravate”的原意是“使更严重”。

But when most people use aggravate today, they employ its “annoy” sense, as in “What really aggravates my dad is having to listen to that TV all day long.”

但是，当大多数人今天使用“aggravate”时，更多是表示“annoy”(恼火、烦人)的感觉，如“真正让我爸爸感到恼火的是整天都要听那个电视节目。”

8『LEV』

LEV comes from the Latin adjective levis, meaning “light,” and the verb levare, meaning “to raise or lighten.” So a lever is a bar used to lift something, by means of leverage. And levitation is the magician’s trick in which a body seems to rise into the air by itself.

LEV来自拉丁文形容词levis，意为“轻”，动词levare意为“提升或减轻”。因此，“lever”是一种通过“leverage”提升某物的杠杆。“levitation”是魔术师使物体悬浮空中的把戏。

alleviate   [əˈliːvieɪt]

减轻;缓和;缓解

To lighten, lessen, or relieve, especially physical or mental suffering.

减轻(尤指身体或精神上的痛苦)。

Cold compresses alleviated the pain of the physical injury, but only time could alleviate the effect of the insult.

冷敷能减轻身体受伤的痛，但只有时间才能缓解受辱的苦。

Physical pain or emotional anguish, or a water shortage or traffic congestion, can all be alleviated by providing the appropriate remedy. But some will remain: to alleviate is not to cure.

身体的疼痛，情绪的痛苦，水源的短缺，乃至交通的堵塞，都可以通过提供适当的补救措施来缓解。但仅仅只能缓解，缓解不是治愈，仍有残留。

elevation   [ˌelɪˈveɪʃn]

高程;提升;提拔;晋级;(某地方的)高度;(尤指)海拔;高地;高处;(建筑物的)立面(图)，立视图;(水平或数量)提高，升高，增加

(1)The height of a place. (2) The act or result of lifting or raising someone or something.

(1)某处的高度。(2)举起某人或某物这一行为或其结果。

Her doctor is concerned about the elevation of her blood pressure since her last visit.

她的医生对她上次就诊至今的血压升高情况很担心。

Psychologists use the term "mood elevation" to mean improvement in a patient's depression. Elevation can also mean "promotion"; thus, a vice president may be elevated to president, or a captain may be elevated to admiral.

心理学家使用“mood elevation”(情绪提升)一词来表示患者抑郁症的改善。“elevation”也可表示“promotion”；即：副总统被提升为总统，船长被提升至海军上将。

cantilever   [ˈkæntɪliːvər]

(桥梁或其他构架的)悬臂，悬桁，伸臂

A long piece of wood, metal, etc., that sticks out from a wall to support something above it.

一块长木头、金属等，从墙上伸出以支撑上面的东西。

The house's deck, supported by cantilevers, jutted out dramatically over the rocky slope, and looking over the edge made him dizzy.

房子的甲板由悬臂支撑，在岩石斜坡上突出得很厉害，从边缘望去，他感到头晕。

Cantilevers hold up a surface or room without themselves being supported at their outer end. Many outdoor balconies are cantilevered, and theater balconies may be as well. 

悬臂支撑着一个表面或房间，而其外端没有支撑。许多室外阳台是悬臂式的，剧院阳台也可能是悬臂式。

levity   [ˈlevəti]

轻浮;轻率的举止;轻佻

Lack of appropriate seriousness.

缺乏适当的严肃性。

The Puritan elders tried to ban levity of all sorts from the community's meetings, but found it increasingly difficult to control the younger generation.

清教徒长老们试图禁止社团会议中的各种轻佻行为，但发现控制年轻一代越来越困难。

9『MANIA』

MANIA in Latin means "madness," and the meaning passed over into English unchanged. 

MANIA在拉丁语中的意思是“疯狂”，并沿用至英语。

Our word mania can mean a mental illness, or at least an excessive enthusiasm. We might call someone a maniac who was wild, violent, and mentally ill-or maybe just really enthusiastic about something. Too much caffeine might make you a bit manic. But the intense mood swings once known as manic-depressive illness are now usually called bipolar disorder instead.

“Mania”(躁狂)一词可能意味着精神疾病，或者至少是过度的热情。我们可能会称狂躁、暴力、患精神病、或仅对某事充满热情的某人为“maniac”。过量咖啡因可能会让你有点“manic”。曾经被称为躁郁症的疾病现在通常被称为双相情感障碍。

kleptomania   [ˌkleptəˈmeɪniə]

偷窃狂;偷窃癖

A mental illness in which a person has a strong desire to steal things.

一种使人有强烈偷窃欲望的精神疾病。

Kleptomania leads its sufferers to steal items of little value that they don't need anyway.

盗窃癖导致其患者盗窃他们根本不需要的价值不大的物品。

Klepto- comes from the Greek word kleptein, "to steal." Even though kleptomania is often the butt of jokes, it's actually a serious mental illness, often associated with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and substance abuse. Kleptomaniacs tend to be depressed, and many live lives of secret shame because they're afraid to seek treatment.

“Klepto-”来自希腊语单词“kleptein”，意为“偷窃”。尽管盗窃癖经常成为笑柄，但它实际上是一种严重的精神疾病，常与情绪障碍、焦虑障碍、饮食障碍和药物滥用有关。盗窃狂倾向于抑郁，许多人因害怕寻求治疗而过着秘密羞耻的生活。

dipsomaniac   [ˌdɪpsəˈmeɪniæk]

嗜酒狂;间发性酒狂

A person with an extreme and uncontrollable desire for alcohol.

对酒精极度渴望且无法自控的人。

She didn't like the word alcoholic being applied to her, and liked dipsomaniac even less.

她不喜欢被用酒鬼这个词来形容，更不喜欢嗜酒狂。

Dipsomaniac comes from the Greek noun dipsa, “thirst,” but thirst usually has nothing to do with it. Some experts distinguish between an alcoholic and a dipsomaniac, reserving dipsomaniac for someone involved in frequent episodes of binge drinking and blackouts.

“dipsomaniac”来自希腊名词“dipsa”(口渴)，但通常并不直指此义。一些专家对“alcoholic”和“dipsomaniac”做出了区分，以后者表示经常酗酒且酒后断片的人。

megalomaniac   [ˌmeɡələˈmeɪniæk]

夸大狂患者;夸大狂的

A mental disorder marked by feelings of great personal power and importance.

一种以强烈的个人力量和重要性为特征的精神障碍。

When the governor started calling for arming his National Guard with nuclear weapons, the voters finally realized they had elected a megalomaniac.

当州长开始呼吁用核武器武装国民警卫队时，选民们终于意识到他们选举出了一个自大狂。

Since the Greek root megalo- means "large," someone who is megalomaniacal has a mental disorder marked by feelings of personal grandeur. Megalomaniac is generally thrown around as an insult and rarely refers to real mental illness.

希腊语的词根“megalo-”意为“大”，自大狂事实上是一种精神障碍，以个人的极度自尊心为特征。但这词通常被用作侮辱，很少指真正的精神疾病。

egomaniac   [ˌiːɡoʊˈmeɪniæk]

利己主义者;自我主义者

Someone who is extremely self-centered and ignores the problems and concerns of others.

以自我为中心，忽视他人问题和担忧的人。

He's a completely unimpressive person, but that doesn't keep him from being an egomaniac.

他是一个完全不起眼的人，但这并不能阻止他成为一个利己主义者。

Ego is Latin for “I,” and in English ego usually means "sense of self-worth." Most people's egos stay at a healthy level, but some become exaggerated. 

自我在拉丁语中是“我”的意思，在英语中，自我通常意味着“自我价值感”。大多数人的自我保持在一个健康的水平，但有些人则较夸张。

10『PSYCH』

PSYCH comes from the Greek word psyche, meaning "breath, life, soul." 

PSYCH来自希腊单词“psyche”，意思是“呼吸、生命、灵魂”

Psychology is the science of mind and behavior, and a psychologist treats or studies the mental problems of individuals and groups. Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with mental and emotional disorders, and a psychiatrist may prescribe drugs to treat them.

“Psychology”(心理学)是研究心理和行为的科学，“psychologist”(心理学家)研究个人或群体的心理问题。“psychiatry”(精神病学)是治疗精神和情绪障碍的医学分支，“psychiatrist”(精神科医生)则可以开药治疗。

psyche   [ˈsaɪki]

心理;心灵;精神;灵魂;心态

Soul, personality, mind.

灵魂，个性，心灵。

Analysts are constantly trying to understand the nation's psyche and why the U.S. often behaves so differently from other countries.

分析人士不断试图了解美国的心理，以及为什么美国的行为与其他国家如此不同。

Sometime back in the 16th century, we borrowed the word psyche directly from Greek into English. In Greek mythology, Psyche was a beautiful princess who fell in love with Eros (Cupid), god of love, and went through terrible trials before being allowed to marry him.

早在16世纪，“psyche”一词就被从希腊语借用。在希腊神话中，Psyche(普赛克)是一位美丽的公主，她爱上爱神厄洛斯(即丘比特)，并经历严峻考验，最终与他成婚。

psychedelic   [ˌsaɪkəˈdelɪk]

引起幻觉的;使人精神恍惚的;产生迷幻效果的;迷幻剂

(1) Of or relating to a drug that produces abnormal and often extreme mental effects such as hallucinations. (2) Imitating the effects of psychedelic drugs.

(1)属于或关于一种会产生异常甚至极端精神效果的药物。(2)模仿迷幻药的效果。

In her only psychedelic experience, back in 1970, she had watched with horror as the walls began crawling with bizarrely colored creatures.

在她唯一一次幻觉经历中，她回到了1970年，惊恐地看着墙壁上爬满了颜色怪异的生物。

psychosomatic   [ˌsaɪkoʊsəˈmætɪk]

由心理负担导致的;由精神压力引起的;身心的

Caused by mental or emotional problems rather than by physical illness.

由精神或情绪问题而不是身体疾病引起的。

Her doctor assumed her stomach problems were psychosomatic but gave her some harmless medication anyway.

她的医生认为她的胃病是心理疾病，但还是给了她一些无害的药物。

Since the Greek word soma means "body," psychosomatic suggests the link between mind and body. 

希腊语“soma”的意思是“身体”，“psychosomatic”一词体现了心灵和身体之间的联系。

psychotherapist   [ˌsaɪkoʊˈθerəpɪst]

心理治疗医师;精神治疗医生

One who treats mental or emotional disorder or related bodily ills by psychological means.

通过心理手段治疗精神或情绪障碍或相关身体疾病的人。

He's getting medication from a psychiatrist, but it's his sessions with the psychotherapist that he really values.

他从精神科医生那里得到药物，但他真正看重的是他与心理治疗师的谈话。

Many psychologists offer psychological counseling, and psychological counseling can usually be called psychotherapy, so many psychologists can be called psychotherapists. 

许多心理学家提供心理咨询，心理咨询通常可以称为心理治疗，因此许多心理学家可以称为心理治疗师。