2003年考研英语阅读理解第三篇重点单词汇总

2003年考研英语阅读理解第三篇重点单词汇总
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a serious of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carries.
近年来,铁路公司一直在相互结合,合并成超级系统,引起了人们对垄断的高度担忧。就在1995年,排名前四位位的铁路占铁路运输总里程的不到70%。明年,在一系列合并完成后,只有四条铁路将控制主要铁路运输的90%以上的货物。
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distance, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
新的超级系统的支持者认为,这些合并将允许大幅降低成本和更好的协调服务。他们认为,任何垄断威胁都被卡车的激烈竞争所消除。但许多托运人抱怨说,对于长途运输的大宗商品,如煤炭、化学品和谷物,卡车运输成本太高,因此铁路需要成本。
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
铁路行业内部的巨大整合意味着,大多数托运人只由一家铁路公司提供服务。铁路公司通常会向这种“被俘虏”的托运人收取比另一家铁路公司竞争该业务时高出20%到30%的费用。认为自己被过高收费的托运人有权呼吁联邦政府的地面运输委员会减免费率,但这个过程昂贵、耗时,只有在真正极端的情况下才有效。
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the ground that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue ,shippers who have the option of switching to truck or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
铁路公司证明对圈养托运人进行费率歧视的理由是,从长远来看,它降低了每个人的成本。他们认为,如果铁路公司向所有客户收取相同的平均费率,那么可以选择改用卡车或其他运输方式的托运人就会这样做,让剩下的客户承担维持线路的成本。许多经济学家都赞同这一理论,但在实践中,它往往让铁路公司决定哪些公司会繁荣,哪些将失败。“我们真的希望铁路成为市场上谁赢谁输的仲裁者吗?”经常代表托运人的华盛顿律师马丁·贝尔科维奇问道。
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying casts of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
许多被扣押的托运人还担心,他们很快就会受到一轮大幅加息的打击。铁路行业作为一个整体,尽管命运很光明,但它的收入仍不足以支付它必须投资的交通飙升的资本成本。然而,铁路公司却继续借贷数十亿美元,在华尔街的鼓励下,相互收购。想想诺福克南方和CSX今年以102亿美元收购康雷公司。康雷1996年瑞尔的铁路净运营收入仅为4.27亿美元,不到交易承载金额的一半。谁来支付剩下的账单呢?随着诺福克南方航空公司和CSX航空公司增加了他们对市场的控制,许多被俘虏的发货人担心他们会这样做。
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railroad n. 铁路;铁道;铁路公司;铁路部门
v. 迫使…仓促行事;强迫…做;轻率判处; 在铁路工作;乘火车旅行
过去分词:railroaded
现在分词:railroading
过去式:railroaded
第三人称单数:railroads
combine v. 使结合,混合;融合;协力,联合;同时做;(人)兼具,兼有;(使)结合;(使)联合;(使)合并;(使)综合
n. 联盟,集团;联合收割机
过去分词:combined
现在分词:combining
过去式:combined
第三人称单数:combines
merge vt.& vi. (使)混合;相融;融入;渐渐消失在某物中
过去分词:merged
现在分词:merging
过去式:merged
第三人称单数:merges
heighten vt.& vi. (使)变高;(使)加强
过去分词:heightened
现在分词:heightening
过去式:heightened
第三人称单数:heightens
monopoly n. 垄断;专卖;垄断者;专利品
复数:monopolies
account n. 账号;账目,账单;赊购;描述,解释;老主顾
v. 认为是;解释
过去分词:accounted
现在分词:accounting
过去式:accounted
复数:accounts
第三人称单数:accounts
merger n. (两个公司的)合并;联合体;吸收
复数:mergers
complete adj. 完全的,完整的;包含;齐全的,全部的;完成的;全能的
v. 使齐全;结束;完成;填写(表格等)
过去分词:completed
现在分词:completing
名词:completeness
过去式:completed
第三人称单数:completes
control n. 统治;控制(力);克制;管理;限制;控制按钮;检查站/人员;对照标准
v. 指挥;控制;限定;限制;阻止蔓延;抑制
过去分词:controlled
现在分词:controlling
过去式:controlled
复数:controls
freight n. 货运,货物;运费;船运货物;货运列车
vt. 运输;装货于
过去分词:freighted
现在分词:freighting
过去式:freighted
复数:freights
第三人称单数:freights
support v. 支持;帮助,资助;养活,维持;支撑;证实
n. 支持;帮助;支撑(物);证据
过去分词:supported
现在分词:supporting
过去式:supported
第三人称单数:supports
super adj. 极好的
adv. 非常
n. 警长;管理人
复数:supers
substantial adj. 大量的;结实的,牢固的;重大的
reduction n. 减少;降低;折扣;还原;缩图
复数:reductions
coordinate v. (使)协调;搭配
adj. 〈语法〉同等的,并列的;坐标的
过去分词:coordinated
现在分词:coordinating
名词:coordinator
过去式:coordinated
复数:coordinates
第三人称单数:coordinates
threat n. 威胁;征兆
复数:threats
argue v. 争论,争吵;辩论,讨论;论证;表明;主张,认为;不承认
过去分词:argued
现在分词:arguing
过去式:argued
第三人称单数:argues
fierce adj. 凶猛的;狂热的;强烈的;恶劣的
副词:fiercely
比较级:fiercer
最高级:fiercest
名词:fierceness
competition n. 竞争;比赛;竞争者;竞争产品
复数:competitions
truck n. 货车;(铁路的)无盖货车;(行李)搬运车
vt. 用卡车装运
vi. 驾驶卡车;以物易物
过去分词:trucked
现在分词:trucking
过去式:trucked
复数:trucks
第三人称单数:trucks
complain v. 抱怨,发牢骚
过去分词:complained
现在分词:complaining
过去式:complained
第三人称单数:complains
commodity n. 商品;有用的东西
复数:commodities
distance n. 距离;遥远,久远;疏远;远方;冷淡
adj. 远程的
v. 使疏远
过去分词:distanced
现在分词:distancing
过去式:distanced
复数:distances
第三人称单数:distances
throat n. 咽喉;颈前部;[植物学]管颈
复数:throats
consolidation n. 巩固;合并
复数:consolidations
动词:consolidate
industry n. 工业;产业(经济词汇);工业界;勤劳
复数:industries
typical adj. 典型的;特有的;一贯的,平常的
比较级:more typical
最高级:most typical
captive adj. 被监禁的,被关押的;(市场)垄断的
n. 囚徒;俘虏
复数:captives
percent n. 百分比
adj. 每一百中
adv. 每一百中
复数:percent
overcharge vt. 对…要价过高;向…乱讨价;使…过度充电;压倒
vi. 过度充电;讨价过高
过去分词:overcharged
现在分词:overcharging
过去式:overcharged
第三人称单数:overcharges
federal adj. 联邦制的;联邦政府的
副词:federally
surface n. 表面,表层;台面,操作台;外表
v. 浮出水面;公开;露面
adj. (军队)陆上的,水上的
过去分词:surfaced
现在分词:surfacing
过去式:surfaced
复数:surfaces
第三人称单数:surfaces
transportation n. 运输;交通工具,运输工具;流放
relief n. 宽慰,解脱;减轻;救济;轻松场面;接替人;解围;浮雕;醒目;突出品质
复数:reliefs
process n. 过程;变化过程;做事方法
v. 加工;处理;冲印;审核;列队行进
过去分词:processed
现在分词:processing
过去式:processed
复数:processes
第三人称单数:processes
expensive adj. 昂贵的
副词:expensively
比较级:more expensive
最高级:most expensive
consume v. 消耗;吞噬;充满(感情);吃喝;烧毁
过去分词:consumed
现在分词:consuming
过去式:consumed
第三人称单数:consumes
extreme adj. 极其的;极端的;偏激的;尽头的
n. 极端
复数:extremes
justify vt. 证明…有理;为…辩护;对…作出解释
vi. 整理版面;证明合法
过去分词:justified
现在分词:justifying
过去式:justified
第三人称单数:justifies
discrimination n. 区别对待;鉴别力;区别
复数:discriminations
ground n. 地面,土地;基础;范围;阵地,战场
vi. 搁浅,停飞;着陆
vt. 把…放在地上;在…的基础树立上;交给…基本知识;使…受初步训练
v. grind的过去式和过去分词
adj. 磨细的;磨碎的
过去分词:grounded
现在分词:grounding
过去式:grounded
复数:grounds
第三人称单数:grounds
reduce v. 减少,缩小;使变成;节食;使不得不;使沦为(不好境地);(使)浓缩
过去分词:reduced
现在分词:reducing
过去式:reduced
第三人称单数:reduces
average adj. 平均的;正常的,一般的
n. 平均数;平均水平
v. 平均为;算出…的平均数
副词:averagely
过去分词:averaged
现在分词:averaging
过去式:averaged
复数:averages
第三人称单数:averages
option n. 选择;选择权;可选择的事物
复数:options
switch n. (电路的)开关,闸,转换器;改变,转变
v. 改变,转变;交换,调换;调班
过去分词:switched
现在分词:switching
过去式:switched
复数:switches
第三人称单数:switches
truck n. 货车;(铁路的)无盖货车;(行李)搬运车
vt. 用卡车装运
vi. 驾驶卡车;以物易物
过去分词:trucked
现在分词:trucking
过去式:trucked
复数:trucks
第三人称单数:trucks
form n. 类型;形态,外形;表格;状态
v. 形成,构成;组建,排列
过去分词:formed
现在分词:forming
过去式:formed
复数:forms
第三人称单数:forms
transportation n. 运输;交通工具,运输工具;流放
remain v. 保持不变;继续存在;仍需去做;停留;剩下
shoulder n. 肩膀;路肩
v. 承担;闯;推开
过去分词:shouldered
现在分词:shouldering
过去式:shouldered
复数:shoulders
第三人称单数:shoulders
theory n. 学说;理论;观点;猜想
复数:theories
economist n. 经济学家
复数:economists
subscribe vt.& vi. 认捐,捐赠;签署,题词,署名;认购;订阅,订购
过去分词:subscribed
现在分词:subscribing
过去式:subscribed
第三人称单数:subscribes
practice n. 常规;实践;习俗;训练;工作;诊所,事务所
v. 练习
过去分词:practiced
现在分词:practicing
过去式:practiced
复数:practices
第三人称单数:practices
position n. 位置;姿势;地位;职位;名次;处境;立场;阵地
v. 安放;定位;驻扎
过去分词:positioned
现在分词:positioning
过去式:positioned
复数:positions
第三人称单数:positions
determine v. 查明;测定;准确算出;决定;敲定,安排;下决心
过去分词:determined
现在分词:determining
过去式:determined
第三人称单数:determines
flourish vi. 挥舞;茂盛,繁荣;活跃,蓬勃
vt. 挥动,挥舞
n. 挥舞,挥动;花样,华丽的辞藻;夸张的行为或手势;花式吹奏
过去分词:flourished
现在分词:flourishing
过去式:flourished
第三人称单数:flourishes
arbiter n. [法]仲裁人,裁决者;权威人士,主宰者
复数:arbiters
marketplace n. 市场,集市;商业界
复数:marketplaces
frequent adj. 频繁的
v. 常去
过去分词:frequented
现在分词:frequenting
过去式:frequented
第三人称单数:frequents
represent v. 代表;象征;维护…的利益;相当于;描绘;正式提出
过去分词:represented
现在分词:representing
过去式:represented
第三人称单数:represents
captive adj. 被监禁的,被关押的;(市场)垄断的
n. 囚徒;俘虏
复数:captives
huge adj. 巨大的;走红的
比较级:huger
最高级:hugest
despite prep. 尽管,虽然;不由自主
brighten v. 照亮,使更艳丽;露出喜色;(眼睛)发亮;(使)变得乐观;放晴
过去分词:brightened
现在分词:brightening
过去式:brightened
第三人称单数:brightens
fortune n. 大笔的钱;时运,运气;命运
过去分词:fortuned
现在分词:fortuning
过去式:fortuned
复数:fortunes
第三人称单数:fortunes
capital n. 首都,省会,中心;资本;(借款等)本金;大写字母;柱顶
adj. 资本的;死刑的;大写的
复数:capitals
surge n. 汹涌;激增;大量;奔涌向前
v. 汹涌;使强烈地感到;激增;飞涨
过去分词:surged
现在分词:surging
过去式:surged
第三人称单数:surges
traffic n. 车流;交通;航线;运输量;信息流;非法买卖
v. 非法买卖(毒品等)
continue v. 持续;继续,再开始;移动;延伸;留任;维持现状;接着说
过去分词:continued
现在分词:continuing
过去式:continued
第三人称单数:continues
borrow v. 借,贷;借用,引用
过去分词:borrowed
现在分词:borrowing
过去式:borrowed
第三人称单数:borrows
acquire v. 获得,得到;购得;养成(习惯)
过去分词:acquired
现在分词:acquiring
过去式:acquired
第三人称单数:acquires
cheer v. 喝彩;欢呼;加油;鼓舞
n. 愉快;欢呼声;加油歌
形容词:cheering
过去分词:cheered
现在分词:cheering
过去式:cheered
第三人称单数:cheers
consider v. 认为,考虑;体谅,顾及;端详
过去分词:considered
现在分词:considering
过去式:considered
第三人称单数:considers
operate v. 经营;工作;运转;操作;动手术;作战
过去分词:operated
现在分词:operating
过去式:operated
第三人称单数:operates
income n. 收入;所得 ;收益
复数:incomes
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