【真题解析】四川美术学院2018年环艺考研“在水一方”真题全面解析！！！

考研的意义在于你真正投入的过程，请务必坚持信念，守得云开见月明！

临近考研我们和同学们一样紧张，也时刻关注着今年考研的动态，对每年的各专业的考研题目研究解析，这篇文章是针对川美环艺考研真题做的深度解析！（时刻更新历年真题中）

一、真题展示 

二、题目解读

1、场地位于公园滨水区域，南北高差达到三米，那么在设计滨水咖啡厅的时候可以考虑将露天区域的平台延伸下来，与滨水发生链接，创造一个亲水的休息空间，丰富空间的多功能性。

比如，将咖啡馆部分直接采用修栈道的形式抬高，涨水的时候会把可以下到水边的阶梯没过，但不会没过栈道，在枯水季人们可以通过栈道下到阶梯旁玩水。

2、这类偏建筑的考题，在最初构思的时候需要考虑空间布局，即空间的功能分区问题。在这个咖啡厅当中，自然会存在售卖区域、客座区域（室内室外）、卫生间、操作间等，在题目给到的红线范围内，合理安排以上空间的位置和大小，而不是只在乎其形式问题。

3、对于一些有高差的场地来说，从分析图的层面上来说能好表现，可以根据区域高差的不同而调整功能分区，也能根据季节变化所带来的消落带变化进行分区和植物种植，甚至包括简单的对如何处理城市雨洪这个点进行简要说明和表现。给老师展现更多的空间细节处理问题，表现出更强的专业性。

4、整张快题中需要明确表现出来的核心点在于咖啡馆自身与“水”的关系，如果只是单纯的画了一个造型还不错的咖啡厅，没有任何场域环境表现的话，也没有办法取得高分。因此，在整个设计过程中，我们需要充分考虑“水”对于这个建筑体来说是怎么样的存在，甚至于说，我们是否可以提取水的特点或者元素来作为这个特定地点咖啡厅的主体元素，设计一个独一无二的与“水”息息相关的特色咖啡厅。

三、示范快题 

四、实际案例 

“缺乏个性”被认为是俄罗斯现代建筑最大的问题之一。如今的俄罗斯建筑师常常习惯于模仿其他国家的做法，其结果是在一个新创造的环境中完全看不到民族的特性。即便是在空无一物的场地上花费数十年时间进行建造，也几乎没有人意识到这些新生的事物也是民族文化的一部分。

One of the most important problems of modern architecture in Russia is considered the lack of identity. Nowadays, Russian architects often imitate contemporary colleagues from other countries. As a result, national identity is completely absent in the newly created environment. New objects, erected even in an open field, have also been designed for several decades without realizing that they belong to the national culture.

▼项目概览，Preview © Ilya Ivanov

莫斯科Megabudka事务所的建筑师在经过研究之后得出了他们对新俄罗斯风格的看法。
建筑风格并不是人为捏造的，而是基于对民族建筑和民族意识中固有的文化与价值方面的重新思考而形成。这种方法是在现代设计师和建筑师的共同参与下发展起来的，经过系统化之后便成为了影响俄罗斯设计的决定性因素，其实不外乎是对“前卫”和“传统”两个概念的组合方式进行灵活的阐释。这里的“前卫”是指完全的国际风格，而“传统”则是一种粗野的、庞大和过剩的假象。

The architects of the Moscow bureau Megabudka carried out research and, as a result, developed their own vision of the New Russian Style.
The created architectural style is not artificial, but is based on rethinking the cultural and value aspects inherent in the national architecture and mentality. The approach was developed with the participation of a number of modern designers and architects, systematized and turned into a determinant of Russian design. This helps not to go beyond the flexible interpretation of the combination of two concepts: avant-garde and tradition. Here the avant-garde is a completely international style, while the traditional is a woodcut, a semblance of brutal, magnificent and excessive.

▼建筑与公园环境，The building complex seen from the park © Ilya Ivanov

试验性应用
PILOT IMPLEMENTATION

这是第一座“新俄罗斯风格”的建筑，它位于利佩茨克地区的Kudykina Gora公园内。在建设之前，业主们已经与事务所合作数年。“经过反思的民族认同感”构成了整个项目的发展基础。该项目涉及的所有事物，包括标志、吉祥物、食物、字体、规划原则和建筑，都必须在符合人们对“认同感”的普遍理解时才能够出现。

项目中最重要的改造举措是沿着公园的边界为行人创造了一条环形的路线，使游客们可以一边欣赏未受破坏的景观，一边途经公园中最重要的景点。

The first structure, built in the new Russian style according to the project of the architectural bureau Megabudka, is located in the Lipetsk region, in the Kudykina Gora (translating from Russian: Mountain of Kudyk) park. Before the construction, the owners had been developing the park together with the bureau for several years. The idea of a “rethought national identity” is laid in the foundation of development. Any object: logo, mascot, food, font, planning principles, architecture and the like, appears in the park only if it meets the general concept of identity.

One of the most important primary transformations was the construction of a circular route along the park’s borders for pedestrians. Here, the visitor can admire the untouched landscape, his path passes through the most important points of attraction of the park.

▼建筑以“新俄罗斯风格”建造，A structure built in the new Russian style © Ilya Ivanov

 

位置
LOCATION

接待中心的建筑群位于环形路线的起始处，它们将引导游客选择开启公园之旅的方向，而无需额外设置导航。为了增强这种引导的效果，第一座建筑被转向游客最可能前往的路线。其他建筑物也根据入口所在的中央轴线进行了适当的移动，以避免对公园的标志性建筑“堡垒”（Fortress）造成视线上的遮挡。

The Hospitality Center building complex is located at the starting point of the circular route, when entering from the public car park. The circular route through the park begins from here, and the complex guides visitors to choose the direction of travel without additional navigation. To enhance the effect, the first block of the building is turned towards the predicted movement of guests. The buildings are shifted relative to the central axis of the entrance so as not to block the perspective view of the iconic landmark of the park – the Fortress.

▼建筑群为游客开启公园之旅，The Hospitality Center building complex is located at the starting point of the circular route © Ilya Ivanov

建筑设计
ARCHITECTURE

所有的体量都被“放置”在单一的基座上，并通过屋顶上的木制平台实现连接。升高的台基容纳了技术设备和储存空间，同时使露台成为了一个视野良好的观景平台，从这里可以看到池塘、堡垒和口吐火焰的Gorynych雕塑（俄罗斯神话故事中的英雄形象）——这也是公园主要的景点之一。厚重的台基“悬浮”在茂盛的草丛上方，远远看去就像是一艘“Ladya”（古代俄罗斯使用的一种带桨的河船）。

All blocks stand on a single stylobate, they are united by a wooden terrace on the roof. The high stylobate part is given over to technical and storage spaces and is partially hidden in the relief. Thanks to the use of relief differences, the terrace becomes an observation platform from which dramatic vivid views of the pond, the fortress and the fire-breathing sculpture of Gorynych (a folk hero of Russian fairy tales) which is one of the main attractions of the park, open up. The obtuse shape of the stylobate hangs over the tall grass, resembling the Ladya (a sailing-oared river vessel used in Ancient Rus).

▼远远看去，建筑像一艘黑色的巨轮，From a distance, the complex looks like a giant vessel © Ilya Ivanov

▼周边环境，Context © Ilya Ivanov

建筑群包含数个高度不一的体量，它们各自具有不同的功能。这些体量共同组成了尺度适宜的建筑正立面，使人联想到老城区内的某个街道片段。按照未来计划，该建筑群旁边将建造几个包含不同功能的新体量，使建筑整体进一步得到完善，同时也将有助于业主与建筑团队制定出应对公园游客潜在需求的最佳策略。

The complex consists of separate blocks of different height. Each volume has its own function. The volumes form a cozy, comfortable-scale building front, reminiscent of a fragment of a street in the old city. In the future, it is planned to complete the construction with the next blocks of different functions. This will complete the composition of the entire complex and will allow the owners, together with the bureau, to think over the best strategy for responding to the possible requests of park visitors.

▼建筑外观，使人联想到老城区内的某个街道片段，The volumes form a cozy, comfortable-scale building front, reminiscent of a fragment of a street in the old city © Ilya Ivanov

▼户外平台，Outdoor terrace © Ilya Ivanov

立面采用乌木制成。黑色——在阳光下烧过的木板的颜色——是俄罗斯木构建筑的真正颜色。无论在什么季节，建筑的体态都能与景观形成良好的配合：在皑皑的雪地上，它犹如一篇宏伟的史诗；而在温暖的季节，它又与周围的森林融为一体。不同建造技术的结合削弱了建筑群带来的压迫感。三角形的窗户、不同图案的格栅、腰线、裂缝、铺板方式，当然还有亲切宜人的比例——这些都是对俄罗斯木构建筑的新阐释。建筑团队考虑到了建筑的衰退过程，就像一个俄罗斯农民在建造自己的屋子时一样，根据他不断变化的喜好和品味，最终完成了他想要的结果。

The facade is made of ebony. Black – the color of the board burned out under the sun – is the true color of Russian wooden architecture. The volume of the building, regardless of the season, works well with the landscape: on the white snow it looks as epic as possible, and in the warm season it merges with the line of tree trunks of the surrounding forest. The combination of architectural techniques dilutes the monumental forms of the buildings of the complex. Architectural ornaments of triangular windows, various lattices, belts, cracks, a variety of ways of laying boards, thinning and, of course, proportions with the character of prowess – these are some of the methods of a new interpretation of the architecture of the Russian Izba. We took into consideration the degradation of buildings, as if they were being built by a Russian peasant, eventually completing the required volumes, based on his changing preferences and tastes.

▼黑色的乌木立面，The black ebony facade © Ilya Ivanov

▼半户外美食空间，Semi-outdoor food space © Ilya Ivanov

 

室内设计
INTERIOR

建筑简约的黑色外边缘与浅色的内饰形成了对比。建筑群的内部仿佛一个装有珠宝的木雕柜子，为游客带来新奇的体验，并期待着前方有更多发现。丰富的细节和材料的天然质地创造出舒适的氛围。从风格上看，室内空间同样展现出了新俄罗斯的特色，从中可以看出大量对俄罗斯各个时期（包括苏联时期）的建造技术的参照，以及它们如何被重新思考，并最终融入到基于文化准则的新美学当中。

The dark minimalistic edges of the exterior contrast with the light colors and ornamentation of the interior. The complex inside is like a carved cabinet with jewels. This contrast gives visitors a new experience and anticipates the discoveries ahead. The abundance of details and textures of natural materials create a cozy atmosphere. Stylistically, the interior is also made in the new Russian style. Here you can find a large number of references to architectural techniques from various eras of Russia and the architecture of the USSR, which are rethought and compiled into a new aesthetics based on cultural codes.

▼室内概览，Interior view © Ilya Ivanov

室内设计充分考虑到了周围的环境。大量的窗户将公园的明媚景色引入室内。定制的窗台结合了座位的功能，在为建筑赋予与众不同的氛围的同时也带来了令人惊叹的私享视野。

One of the main techniques in the interior is the environment around. The interior has a huge number of windows aimed at the bright views of the park. Some of the seating is done in custom bay windows, isolating the company into a self-contained atmosphere with a stunning individual view.

▼朝向公园的室内视野，View to the park © Ilya Ivanov

建筑大胆的外部特征同样生动地展现于其内部。第一座“山”形体量容纳了大厅空间，其内部充满了闪光、箭头和灯束。从第一步开始，温暖细腻的木质饰面就营造出了亲切又热情的氛围。

咖啡厅位于第二个体量。这是一座带有中庭的大型“房屋”，其内部光线充足，类似于招待用的大客厅。除了容纳数量庞大的游客外，这里还提供舒适的洗手间设施。

The bold character of the buildings externally, vividly manifests itself inside too. The “mountain” is the first in the chain of buildings. Inside the lobby is a dynamic volume filled with flashes, arrows, beams of lamps with a huge souvenir cart. From the first steps, wood finishes and tactile surfaces create an atmosphere of hospitality.

Cafe is the next volume. It is a huge building with one nave, a huge hut. Inside it is light, like a peasant room (analogue of a living room). This space can accommodate the maximum number of guests. The concept of going to the toilet without a possible feeling of moral discomfort was implemented here too.

▼咖啡厅，Cafe © Ilya Ivanov

▼室内细节，Interior detailed view © Ilya Ivanov

▼窗边观景座位，The view niches © Ilya Ivanov

餐厅空间的氛围相较于咖啡厅更为私密。简约的墙面上谨慎地装饰着图案。公共中庭的一系列吊灯增添了神话般的色彩。厚重的砖石地面、镂空的风窗、环绕墙面的带状装饰以及闪耀的黄铜元素参考了俄罗斯宅邸的风格。一条长长的走廊沿着咖啡馆的窗边座位通向餐厅大厅，天花板上设有造型独特的花边形装饰。

The restaurant is the same hut as the building of the Cafe, but more intimate. Deaf surfaces here are discreetly decorated with patterns. Hanging lamps in the common nave add fabulousness. In the restaurant, there is a reference to Russian mansions – a heavy brick bottom, a pavement floor, openwork air windows, belts of rich patterns along the walls, gold and brass for sunny flowers. A long corridor leads to the restaurant hall along the view niches of the cafe. Symbolic lace on the ceiling has been added to the minimalistic surface of the embossed mirror.

▼餐厅概览，Restaurant view © Ilya Ivanov

▼主用餐区，Main dining area © Ilya Ivanov

▼装饰元素参考了俄罗斯宅邸的风格，There is a reference to Russian mansions in the restaurant © Ilya Ivanov

▼细节，Detailed view © Ilya Ivanov

街头美食区是一个令人惊喜的明亮又时尚的空间。这里可以用于社交、品尝美食或举办活动和展会。在夜晚，巨大的球灯宛若一轮明月，与空间内部的紫色灯光共同描绘出一幅梦幻的画卷。

Street food building – bright, trendy and unexpected! A platform for socializing, street food, events and fairs. In the evening, its stars and its own moon, a huge ball lamp, arise here. Fuchsia lighting has been added to the overall picture of the open kitchen.

▼街头美食区夜景，Street food building by night © Ilya Ivanov

位于最后的圆形体量是洗手间所在区域，使整个建筑群的功能变得更加完善。在未来，建筑群还可以灵活地增加新的体量。与街道相连的多个独立入口使每个体块都可以独立自主地运作，在举办活动期间展现了使用场景的高度可变性。

The round toilet completes the complex in its present state. The shape of the button or knuckle is flexible enough to accommodate almost any new volume after. In the near future, one of the concepts for the continuation of development will be chosen. Due to the many separate entrances from the street, each block can work autonomously and be separated from the neighboring ones, for example, during events great variability of usage scenarios is achieved.

▼圆形体量完善了建筑群的功能，The round toilet completes the complex in its present state © Ilya Ivanov

▼傍晚的平台，The outdoor terrace in the evening © Ilya Ivanov

▼夜景，Night view © Ilya Ivanov

▼公园地图，Map © Megabudka

▼平面图，Plan © Megabudka

▼立面图，Facades © Megabudka

Architects: Megabudka. Kirill Gubernatorov, Maria Vertinskaya, Artem Ukropov, Daria Listopad
Photograph: Ilya Ivanov
Year: 2021
Area: 3500м2
Place: Russia, Lipetsk region
Clients: Park Kudykina gora