【理论06】可获得性启发,Availability Heuristic

Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman 1973
释义
The tendency to use information that comes to mind quickly and easily when making decisions about the future.
很多时候,人们只是简单根据对事件已有的信息来确定事件发生的可能性,而不是更理性地分析相关的信息。
例子
投资:股市崩盘带来的痛苦会让投资者一直担心再次蒙受巨大损失,从而高估股价下跌的概率,一直不敢入市。
结果,指数一涨再涨,等到股价涨到很高时,人们才发现自己已经失去了绝好的投资机会。
原因
人们在记忆中搜寻相关信息时,并不是所有的相关信息都能被无偏差地搜索到。
事件刺激的频率、新异性、生动性、情绪性也会影响到信息可获得程度,从而影响到其在个体心目中的主观概率。
如何应对
(1)学会忘记,接受新信息。
(2)经过分析做出的决策,不要仓促改变决定,谨防一些生动新闻让自己成为情绪的俘虏。
(3)保持良好的心境。
(4)不宜在心中过多主观预演,变成臆想的奴隶。
相关文献
Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1973). "Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability". Cognitive Psychology. 5 (2): 207–232.
Schwarz, Norbert; Bless, Herbert; Strack, Fritz; Klumpp, Gisela; Rittenauer-Schatka, Helga; Simons, Annette (1991). "Ease of retrieval as information: Another look at the availability heuristic". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61 (2): 195–202.
Lee, Byunghwan; O'Brien, John; Sivaramakrishnan, K. (2008). "An Analysis of Financial Analysts' Optimism in Long-term Growth Forecasts". Journal of Behavioral Finance. 9 (3): 171–184.
Fox, Craig R. (2006). "The availability heuristic in the classroom: How soliciting more criticism can boost your course ratings" . Judgment and Decision Making. 1 (1): 86–90.
Carroll, John S. (1978). "The effect of imagining an event on expectations for the event: An interpretation in terms of the availability heuristic". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 14 (1): 88–96.