X-射线衍射：布拉格定律

用的网易有道翻译，这是前三分钟的中文和英文

What is X ray diffraction, and what is it used for? In an X ray defraction experiment, a sample is placed into the center of an instrument and illuminated with a beam of X rays. The X ray tube and detector move in a synchronized motion. The signal coming from the sample is recorded in graft, where peaks are observed related to the atomic structure of the sample. Most materials are made up of many small crystals, like sand on a beach. Each of these crystals is composed of a regular arrangement of atoms, and each atom is composed of a nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons. It's at this scale that the story of X ray D fraction begins. X Rays are high energy light with a repeating period called the wavelength. Since the wavelength of an X ray is similar to the distance between atoms and a crystal, a special interference effect called diffraction can be used to measure the distance between the atoms. Interference occurs when X rays interact with each other. If the waves are an alignment, the signal is amplified. This is called constructive interference. If the waves are out of alignment, the signal is destroyed. This is called destructive interference. When an X ray encounters an atom, its energy is absorbed by the electrons. Electrons occupy special energy states around an ato. Since this is not enough energy for the electron to be released, the energy must be reimitted in the form of a new X ray,but the same energy as the original. This process is called elastic scattering in a crystal. The repeating arrangement of atoms form distinct planes, separated by well defined distances. When the atomic planes are exposed to an X ray beam, X rays are scattered by the regularly spaced atoms. Strong amplification of the emitted signal occurs at very specific angles where the scattered waves constructively interfere. This effect is called the fraction. The angle between the incident and the scattered beam is called tootheta. In order for constructive interference to occur, the scattered waves must be an alignment, meaning that the 2nd wave must travel a whole number of wavelengths. In this case, one half of a wavelength is traveled on the incident side and one half on the scattered side. Building one additional wavelen. In the case of the next X ray, one wavelength is traveled on both the incident and the scattered side, resulting in two wavelengths. This reinforcement occurs throughout the crystal, the exact angle at which the fraction occurs and be determined from the red triangle. The angle at the top is THETA half the angle between the incident and scattered beans. Alongside is a distance between the atomic planes and the short side, we know is one half of a wavelength. The relationship between the diffraction angle and the spacing between the atoms can be determined by applying the sign function well.

什么是X射线衍射，它的用途是什么？在X射线折射实验中，样品被放置在仪器的中心，并用X射线束照射。X射线管和探测器同步移动运动。在接枝中记录来自样品的信号，其中观察到与样品的原子结构相关的峰值。大多数物质是由许多小晶体组成的，就像沙滩上的沙子一样。每一种晶体都是由规则排列的原子组成的，每个原子都是由一个被电子云包围的原子核组成的。X射线D分数的故事就是从这个尺度开始的。X射线是高能光，有一个重复周期，称为波长。由于X射线的波长与原子和晶体之间的距离相似，一种叫做衍射的特殊干涉效应可以用来测量原子之间的距离。当X射线相互作用时就会发生干涉。如果波是对齐的，信号就会被放大。这被称为建设性干涉。如果波没有对准，信号就会被破坏。这被称为相消干涉。当X射线遇到原子时，它的能量被电子吸收。电子在原子周围占据特殊的能态。

由于这没有足够的能量让电子被释放，能量必须以新的X射线的形式重新释放，但能量与原来的相同。这个过程被称为晶体中的弹性散射。原子的重复排列形成了不同的平面，被明确的距离隔开。当原子平面暴露在X射线束下时，X射线被规则间隔的原子散射。发射信号的强放大发生在散射波建设性干涉的非常特定的角度。这种效应被称为分数。入射光束与散射光束之间的夹角称为tootheta。为了产生建设性干涉，散射波必须是一条直线，这意味着第二波必须传播整个波长。在这种情况下，波长的一半在入射一侧传播，另一半在散射一侧传播。建立一个额外的波。在下一个X射线的情况下，一个波长在入射侧和散射侧都传播，从而产生两个波长。这种强化发生在整个晶体中，分数发生的确切角度由红色三角形确定。顶部的角度是入射豆子和散射豆子夹角的一半。边是原子平面和短边之间的距离，我们知道是波长的一半。利用符号函数可以很好地确定衍射角与原子间距之间的关系。