【简译】蒂卡尔（Tikal）

2023-07-27 11:20 作者:神尾智代 0人读过 | 我要投稿

Tikal, located in the north of the Petén region of Guatemala, was a major Maya city which flourished between 300 and 850 CE. The city, known to the Maya themselves as Mutul, is one of the grandest in Mesoamerica. Amongst the first Maya cities to gain prominence in the Early Classic period (250-600 CE), Tikal built its wealth by exploiting its natural resources and geographical location to become a Maya superpower, a status it also enjoyed in the 7th century CE when some of the site's most impressive later monuments were constructed. Tikal is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

位于危地马拉佩滕地区北部的蒂卡尔是一座大型玛雅城市，在公元300年至850年之间十分繁荣。当地人称之为 Mutul，是中美洲最宏伟的城市之一。在早期古典时期（公元250-600年），蒂卡尔是最早崛起的玛雅城市之一，它通过开发其优越的自然资源和利用其地理位置积累了财富，成为区域强国，这种情况主要在 7 世纪实现，当时建立了一些最令人印象深刻的纪念碑。蒂卡尔被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。

历史概述

Settlement at Tikal began from around 300 BCE and, first clearing away areas in the jungle, monumental architecture was built in the period up to 100 CE. The city's prosperity was based on exploitation of natural resources such as cedar wood, dye from brazil wood, copal resin, flint, and cultivating maize in cleared areas of rainforest and fertile swamp areas. In 378 CE Tikal was invaded by forces from distant Teotihuacan (or at the very least trade contacts were established) with a consequent influence on the cultural practices at Tikal, from clothes to art and architecture. From the late 4th century CE, Tikal was able to further expand its sphere of influence and conquer long-time local rivals Uaxactún and Rio Azul, and the city formed useful alliances with such centres as Kaminaljuyú. At its height the population of Tikal, including the scattered urban settlements around the city, was over 50,000, and it utilized some 200 square kilometres of surrounding territory.

蒂卡尔的定居始于公元前300年左右，当地人最初在丛林中清理出一些区域，在公元前100年之前建造了一些纪念性建筑。城市的繁荣建立在对自然资源的开发上，如雪松木、巴西红木的染料、柯巴树脂、燧石，以及在雨林空地和肥沃沼泽地上种植玉米。公元378年，蒂卡尔被来自遥远的特奥蒂瓦坎的军队入侵（或至少建立了贸易联系），从而影响了蒂卡尔的文化习俗（从服装到艺术和建筑）。从公元4世纪末开始，蒂卡尔进一步扩大其影响范围，并征服了当地长期以来的竞争对手瓦哈克通（Uaxactun）和里奥阿苏尔（葡萄牙语：Rio Azul），该城市还与Kaminaljuyu（发音为/kæminælˈhuːjuː/；来自K´iche´´，“死亡之山”）等中心形成联盟关系。在其鼎盛时期，蒂卡尔的人口（包括城市周围分散的城市居民点）超过了50,000人，占据了周围约200平方公里的领土。

In the 6th century CE, the power of Teotihuacan declined, and other Maya cities, notably Caracol, sought military expansion, defeating Tikal in 562 CE. However, by the 7th century CE Tikal regained its place as an important Maya city, contemporary with such centres as Palenque, Copan, and Tikal's greatest rival Calakmul. The most important ruler in this resurgence was Jasaw Chan K'awiil (r. 682-734 CE) who defeated Calakmul in 695 CE and oversaw a significant rebuilding programme in the city. The most impressive new buildings were the massive pyramids known simply as Temple I and II. Jasaw Chan K'awiil was buried in Temple I on its completion in c. 727 CE. Other pairings of pyramids were built later but most of these remain unexcavated. Along with other Maya cities, Tikal went into gradual decline during the 8th century CE, and by around 900 CE the site had been abandoned. The city, including its towering temples, was eventually reclaimed by the jungle and would only be rediscovered in the mid-19th century CE.

公元6世纪，特奥蒂瓦坎的实力下降，其他玛雅城市，特别是卡拉科尔，开始军事扩张，并于公元562年打败了蒂卡尔。然而，到了公元7世纪，蒂卡尔重新成为一个重要的玛雅城市，与帕伦克、科潘和蒂卡尔最大的对手卡拉克穆尔等中心共存。这次复兴中最重要的统治者是Jasaw Chan K'awiil（哈萨乌·钱·卡维尔一世，公元682-734年），他于公元695年打败了卡拉克穆尔，并监督了该城市的重大重建计划。最令人印象深刻的新建筑是巨大的金字塔，被后世称为“一号神庙”和“二号神庙”。Jasaw Chan K'awiil（哈萨乌·钱·卡维尔一世）于公元727年金字塔竣工时被埋葬在一号神庙。后来还建造了另外几对金字塔，但大多数仍未被挖掘出来。与其他玛雅城市一样，蒂卡尔在8世纪逐渐衰落，到900年左右，该城已被遗弃。这座城市，包括其高耸的寺庙，最终被森林吞没，直到公元19世纪中期才被重新发现。

布局与建筑

Tikal consists of nine different plazas and courts connected by causeways and ramps and has, in all, over 3,000 structures. The buildings are spread over some 15 square kilometres, and so the city was relatively low in density. Sometime before 250 CE the Great Plaza and North Acropolis were constructed to follow a north-south axis. This plan was adhered to by later constructions until the 8th century CE Temples I and II were built on an east-west axis. Buildings used limestone blocks around rubble cores with lintels and crossbeams in wood (sapodilla was the preferred choice), often elaborately carved to depict scenes. Besides its imposing temples, the city also had palaces, a market complex, ten reservoirs, two sacred causeways, and a unique triple ballcourt. Another typical Maya feature is the sculpture of stone slabs to depict rulers and record their greatest accomplishments. Such stelae were set up in rows along the sides of the plazas. The oldest example of these stelae in Mesoamerica was discovered at Tikal and dates to 292 CE. It shows a ruler holding in his left hand the Jaguar God of the Underworld, probably a patron god of Tikal.

蒂卡尔由九个不同的广场和宫殿组成，通过堤道和坡道连接，总共有3000多座建筑。这些建筑分布在大约15平方公里的范围内，因此建筑密度较低。在公元250年之前的某个时候，大广场和北卫城是按照南北向的轴线建造的。这个计划被后来的建筑所遵守，直到公元8世纪，当时一号和二号神庙是东西走向的。建筑物使用石灰石块围绕着碎石核心，门楣和横梁使用木头（人心果木是首选），通常带有描绘各种类型场景的精致雕刻。除了宏伟的寺庙，该城市还有宫殿、市场、十座水库、两条神圣的堤道和一个独特的三层球场。另一典型的玛雅特征是用石碑雕塑来描绘统治者并记录他们最伟大的成就，这样的石碑沿着广场的两侧成排设置。中美洲最古老的例子可以追溯到 292 年，是在蒂卡尔发现的。它展示了一位统治者左手握着冥界的美洲虎神，这可能是这座城市所崇拜的神。

The earliest structures, such as the North Acropolis, are typically squat with corner apron moldings. These and later architecture at the site all display the usual Maya features of multi-level pyramids, raised platforms, corbel-vaulted chambers, large stucco masks of gods which flank staircases, and a deliberate orientation with the heavens, cardinal directions and, often time itself, as indicated by the 8th century CE pairs of pyramids built every 20-year katun cycle. The large pyramids also had roof-combs which made them even taller, and these may have represented the sacred caves which Mesoamerican people had used as places of worship for millennia. Many tombs within buildings have murals, the earliest dating to c. 50 BCE, typically depicting rulers and gods, no doubt, to emphasise the divine ancestry of the tomb's occupant.

最早的建筑，如北卫城，是典型的低层建筑，有转角处的围裙装饰。这些建筑和该遗址后来的建筑都显示出玛雅人典型的特点：多层金字塔、高台、有拱顶的房间、楼梯两侧的大型灰泥神像，以及刻意朝向天空、基点的方向，如标志着每20年katun周期（k'atun是玛雅历法中的一个时间单位，等于20 tun 或 7200 天，相当于 19.713 个回归年）建造的8 世纪金字塔所示。大型金字塔也有顶盖，使其更加高大，这些顶盖可能代表了中美洲人几千年来作为礼拜场所的神圣洞穴。建筑物内的许多坟墓都有壁画，最古老的壁画可以追溯到公元前50年，通常描绘的是统治者或神灵，无疑是为了强调埋葬者的神圣血统。

建筑亮点

北卫城

The North Acropolis, first built c. 250 BCE and modified many times over the centuries, includes the oldest structures at Tikal. These temples were built on two rectangular platforms, the oldest and largest measures 100 x 80 metres, and used as mausoleums for the early Tikal kings. The most opulent tomb was of Yax Nuun Ayiin, also known as 'Curl Nose', who died in 420 CE and who was buried in all his finery along with nine sacrificial victims and several fine pots of chocolate and maize gruel. Other colourfully named rulers buried in the twelve temples include Moon Zero Bird (accession c. 320 CE), Great Jaguar Paw, Stormy Sky, and Smoking Frog.

北卫城最初建于公元前250年左右，几个世纪以来经过多次修补，包括蒂卡尔最古老的建筑。这些神庙建在两个长方形的平台上，最古老和最大的平台面积为100 x 80米，被用作早期蒂卡尔国王的陵墓。最富丽堂皇的陵墓是Yax Nuun Ayiin（亚甚·农·阿因一世）的，他也被称为“卷鼻”，死于公元420年，陪葬品包括他所有的珠宝、九名陪葬者以及几罐装有可可（巧克力）和精炼玉米粥的罐子。埋葬在十二座神庙中的其他统治者包括Moon-Zero-Bird（约在公元320年登基）、Chak Tok Ichaak I（查克·托克·伊查克一世）、Stormy Sky（Sihyaj Chan K'awiil II）和Siyaj Kʼakʼ（Smoking Frog）。

中央卫城

Facing the Great Plaza, this is the location of Tikal's five-storey royal palace. Similar to the better-preserved palace at Palenque, the structure had extensive galleries, benches set along walls, enclosed courtyards, and stucco depictions of captives. The presence of four huge hearths suggests meals were prepared for a large number of resident scribes and administrators. The courtyards would have been used for important ceremonies, including blood-letting and sacrifices.

面对大广场，这里是蒂卡尔五层楼高的王宫所在地。与帕伦克保存较好的宫殿类似，该建筑有宽敞的长廊、沿墙设置的长椅、封闭的庭院和灰泥描绘的俘虏。四个巨大炉灶的存在表明，这里曾为大量的常驻文士和行政人员准备膳食。院子可能被用来举行重要的仪式，包括放血和献祭仪式。

Mundo Perdido Complex（西班牙语，意为“失落的世界”）

The Mundo Perdido or 'Lost World' complex is dominated by a huge pyramid, and along one side of the complex is a row of small temples, their exact purpose unknown. The complex has three platforms on its eastern side and a single platform on the western side. Those to the east are aligned with the sunrise at the equinoxes.

Mundo Perdido建筑群以一座巨大的金字塔为主，沿着建筑群的一侧是一排小庙，其具体目的不详。该建筑群的东侧有三个平台，西侧有一个平台。东边的平台与春分日出相一致。

一、二、四号神庙

Built in the 8th century CE on a west-east axis and facing each other across the Great Plaza, the Temple I pyramid has the typical nine levels to imitate those of the Maya underworld Xibalba. Temple I is 50 m (164 ft) high and is climbed by a steep 70-degree staircase with steps so narrow they can only be climbed side-footed. Deep within Temple I the Tikal king Jasaw Chan K'awiil was buried, while his wife is a prime candidate for the now missing occupant of the 42-metre-high Temple II. The king's tomb, besides the usual precious jade and shell jewelry also contained a large number of incised bones which relate tales from Tikal history. Finally, mention should be made of Temple IV as, at 70 metres high, it is the tallest structure at Tikal and was used as the tomb of King Yax Kin (734-746 CE).

一号神庙金字塔建于公元8世纪，以西向东为轴心，隔着大广场相互对峙，有典型的九层结构，模仿玛雅冥界 (Xibalba)的层数。一号神庙高50米（164英尺），通过一个陡峭的70度的楼梯攀登，台阶很窄，只能侧着脚攀登。蒂卡尔国王Jasaw Chan K'awiil（哈萨乌·钱·卡维尔一世）被埋葬在一号神庙的深处，他的妻子是二号神庙（高 42 米）迄今为止未知的主人中的最佳人选。国王墓穴中除了常见的珍贵玉石和贝壳首饰外，还有大量的刻骨铭文，讲述了蒂卡尔历史上的故事。四号神庙，高70米，是蒂卡尔最高的建筑，是Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ（公元734-746年）的坟墓。