LP9 罗马文本的传播历史
★★★★（红楼梦抄本的类比）
老规矩，看题：
1. The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following? 主旨，首段首句
2. As described in the passage, a stemma is most closely analogous to which of the following? 类比+直接细节，定位到可做
Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
3. In its discussion of external evidence, the passage suggests which of the following about manuscripts of ancient Room texts during the Middle Ages? 后置
4. Click on the sentence in the first paragraph that suggests that scholars might be led to underestimate the extent of the connection between certain manuscripts. 和第一题一起做
文章分析（讲解思路升级自天津学校RJ）：
para 1:
①The history of the transmission of ancient Roman texts prior to invention of the printing press is reconstructed from evidence both internal and external to the texts themselves. ②Internal evidence is used to reconstruct the relationship of the surviving manuscripts of Roman text to one another, as represented in a modern stemma codicum: a diagram depicting the genealogical relationship of surviving manuscripts and those the stemma’s editor believes existed at one time. ③Stemmata are scholars’ only road maps to textual connections based on internal evidence, but they may paint a distorted picture of reality because they diagram the relationships of only those manuscripts known or inferred today. ④If surviving copies are few, the stemma perforce brings into proximity manuscripts that were widely separated in time and place of origin. ⑤Conversely, the stemma can also bestow a semblance of separation on manuscripts written within a few months of one another or in the same room. 所以不能通过内部证据来判断。
stemma 家谱
codicum 抄本
perforce adv. 必然
semblance 假象
2 4 可先做。
2. As described in the passage, a stemma is most closely analogous to which of the following? 类比+直接细节
A. A department store inventory list that excludes some departments. 货物库存清单
B. A map from which a large section has been torn off. 残缺的地图
C. A chronology that includes only major historical events. 编年史
D. A family tree in which some generations are not recorded 家谱树
E. A government organizational chart from which some agencies are omitted. 组织架构
4. Click on the sentence in the first paragraph that suggests that scholars might be led to underestimate the extent of the connection between certain manuscripts.
注意审题。低估，就是本来应该高。
加上各段首句做1
para 2
One type of external evidence that may shed light on the transmission of Roman texts is the availability of a work in the Middle Age, when many classical texts were circulated. 上一段内部证据讲完了，开始讲外部证据
para 3
Quotations from a Roman text by a medieval author are another category of external evidence: but does the appearance of a rare word or grammatical construction—or even a short passage—really indicate a medieval author’s firsthand knowledge of this or that ancient work, or does such usage instead derive from some intermediate source, such as a grammar book or a popular style manual? 另一种外部证据，但提出质疑
para 4：
①Much as scholars want to look for overall patterns and formulate useful generalizations, the transmission of each text is different story and each manuscript’s history is unique. ② Scholars must be careful not to draw conclusions that go beyond what evidence can support. 给出结论，每一本都特殊，要小心。
1可做
1. The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following?
A. Tracing certain changes in the methods used to study the transmission of ancient Roman texts. 没有证据
B. Contrasting two type of evidence used in investigating the transmission of ancient Room texts. 最大的干扰项。并不是在对比，没有证据。一定要看清选项，明确考点。
C. Outlining certain difficulties associated with studying the transmission of ancient Room texts.
D. Advocating the use of one type of evidence about ancient Roman texts over the use of another type. 没有证据
E. Explaining the development and potential uses and drawback of stemmata in the study of ancient Room texts. 以偏概全
还剩最后一题，有时间就啃。
Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
3. In its discussion of external evidence, the passage suggests which of the following about manuscripts of ancient Room texts during the Middle Ages?
A. It is possible that fewer manuscripts were destroyed by barbarians in the early Middle Ages than scholars frequently suppose. 对应二段③
B. Additional copies of some so-called lone survivor manuscripts may have existed well into the Middle Ages. 符合二段④
C. If an ancient Roman text is quoted in word by medieval author, it is likely that at least one manuscript copy of that text survived into the Middle Ages. 与三段取反
para 2
①One type of external evidence that may shed light on the transmission of Roman texts is the availability of a work in the Middle Age, when many classical texts were circulated. ②Too often, though, too much is inferred about a particular work’s circulation in the Middle Ages from the number of manuscripts surviving today. ③When a work survives in a single manuscript copy, editors call the manuscript, rather glamorously, the “lone survivor”—implying that all its (presumably rare) companions were destroyed sometime early in the Middle Ages by pillaging barbarians. ④It is equally possible that the work survived far into the Middle Ages in numerous copies in monastic libraries but went unnoticed due to lack of interest. ⑤The number of extant manuscripts, however few, really does not allow scholars to infer how many ancient Latin manuscripts of a work survived to the ninth, the twelfth, or even the fifteenth century.
para 3:
①Quotations from a Roman text by a medieval author are another category of external evidence: but does the appearance of a rare word or grammatical construction—or even a short passage—really indicate a medieval author’s firsthand knowledge of this or that ancient work, or does such usage instead derive from some intermediate source, such as a grammar book or a popular style manual? ②Medieval authors do quote extensively from ancient authors; while such quotations provide some evidence of the work’s medieval circulation, as well as define its evolving fortunes and the various uses to which it was put, they may be far less useful in reconstructing the text of ancient work.
para 4：
①Much as scholars want to look for overall patterns and formulate useful generalizations, the transmission of each text is different story and each manuscript’s history is unique. ② Scholars must be careful not to draw conclusions that go beyond what evidence can support.
用类比来具体化。
古罗马文献距离我们较远，可以用红楼梦不同版本间的关系来辅助理解这篇文章。
第一段说到，想通过内部证据即各种文献之间的系谱关系来研究传播史。但是系谱关系不靠谱。
比如《红楼梦》的传播史就是这样。红楼梦的脂评系统的本子，现存十个版本，其祖本都是曹雪芹生前传抄出来的，虽然在不同程度上保存了原著的本来面貌，但在活字印刷本出现之前，誊抄总会出错。我们就很难从这些抄本之间的关系来得出谁抄的谁。因为中间也许还有其他版本丢失了。
比如己卯本（42回，1759年）和舒序本（存1-40回，1789年），虽然回数相当，但中间差了30年；己卯本（42回，1759年）和庚辰本（存78回，1760年），以为差的很多，但是其实就是前后年的差距。这个情况正好对应第一段最后两句。
第二段里说，可以通过一种外部证据，比如中世纪遗留下来的残本或者孤本来窥探传播史。但是也不太好。
比如说发现有一本乾隆时期的红楼梦被认为是孤本，但其实事实并非如此。
尽按照史料的记载，还有红学家的研究证实，《红楼梦》当时叫《石头记》属于禁书。在清朝，文字狱很是严重，就算是像李白这样大师级遗留下来的诗词，都被纪晓岚给改了好多，可见清朝的文字狱有多严重。《红楼梦》当时的处境也很危险，乾隆帝修所谓《四库全书》，禁毁书籍高达3100种，15万部以上。红楼梦批判了当时的社会，差一点就被禁毁了。恰好和珅身为《四库全书》的主要负责人，他知道这是一部惊天巨著，于是千方百计的给保留了下来。
传说和珅每天都去向太后请安，每次只为太后说一段《红楼梦》里的故事，太后越听越喜欢听，觉得是本好书，便让和珅把书拿来，和珅只好为难地说，这书不能拿出来是禁书。结果乾隆不好忤太后之意，和珅就想办法给书保留下来。
所以看起来好像乾隆时期就这一本留存下来，但是当时可能有很多都被和珅偷偷藏在某个“藏经阁”里保存下来。
第三段，对文献内容的引用这种外部证据真的能够说明中世纪作者的第一手认知吗？
比如说，纪晓岚引用了红楼梦中“寒塘渡鹤影，冷月葬花魂”。大家以为这个就是当时最好最流行的版本。但在《红楼梦》里“中秋夜大观园即景联句”中，当时湘云出一句“寒塘渡鹤影”，黛玉又叫好，又跺脚，几乎为之“搁笔”，幸好想出这一句"冷月葬诗魂"来，才将对方压倒。
还有我们最熟悉的描写黛玉眉目的“两弯似蹙非蹙罥烟眉,一双似喜非喜含情目”，而在俄藏本中为：一双似泣非泣含露目。与第一句“两弯似蹙非蹙罥烟眉”可谓绝佳之对。它本皆逊色多了。此句当为雪芹原笔。
希望这样可以帮助大家更好理解作者想要表达的研究罗马文献传播史的困难。
