TTC【双语字幕版】：西方文明的基础（S02E17：启蒙思想与专制统治）

Enlightenment, 1720-1820

Intellectuals applied the scientific methods to political, social, economic, philosophical and religious problems. They wrote vernacular pamphlets, plays and novels, often in French, instead of scientific treaties in Latin.

Philosophes; often English origins reacted to John Locke

• John Toland, 1670-1722; Christianity Not Mysterious, 1696
• Bishop George Berkeley, ca. 1685-1753; Treaties Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, 1710
• David Hume, 1711-1776; A Treaties of Human Nature, 1740; An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 1748; The History of England, 1754-1762; Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, 1779
• Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804

Enlightenment in France

Francois-Marie Arouet Voltaire 1694-1778

• Letters on England, Letters Concerning the English Nation, 1733

Denis Diderot 1713-1784

• The Nun, 1796

Charles de Secondat Baron de Montesquieu 1689-1755

• The Spirit of the Laws, 1748

Jean Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778

• Discourse on the Origin and Foundation of the Inequality among Mankind, 1755
• Emile, 1762
• The Social Contract, 1762; the notorious general will
• The Confessions, 1782

Enlightened Despots

• Catherine the Great 1729-1796
• Frederick the Great, King Frederick II 1712-178; Antimachiavel, 1740
• Emperor Joseph II 1741-1790